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CHAPTER 9: BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND THE CRUSADES
Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire
Chapter 9 Guided Notes
BACKGROUND: In 476, the Western Roman Empire fell and was eventually replaced by a series of German kingdoms. The Eastern Roman Empire or the Byzantine Empire continued to thrive with its center at Constantinople.
Section 1: Transforming the Roman World
I. The New Germanic Kingdoms
A. peoples moved into the lands of the Roman Empire by the third century. The occupied Spain and Italy until the took control of Italy in the fifth century. Both the kingdom of the Ostrogoths in Italy and kingdom of the Visigoths in Spain the Roman structure of government.
B. Germanic warriors came to dominated large and eventually Romans from holding power. As the Roman armies abandoned Britain due to their weak influence, the Angles and Saxons ( ), Germanic tribes from and northern , moved in and settled there.
C. Longest lasting was the kingdom of the . Established by , a military leader who became the Germanic ruler to convert to . At first he refused to adopt Christianity but during a battle with another Germanic tribe, , he cried out, “Jesus Christ, if you shall grant me victory over these enemies, I will believe in you and be baptized.
D. Clovis found that his conversion to Christianity the support of the , as the Christian church in Rome had become known. Not surprisingly, the Catholic Church was to the friendship of a major ruler in the German states. After his death, his sons the kingdom among themselves.
E. Germans and Romans and began to create a . The crucial bond among the Germanic people was the . The extended family worked the land together and provided protection, which was much needed in the violent atmosphere of the time.
F. The German concept of the family crime and punishment. Under , a crime was considered to be offenses against the . Thus, a court would hear evidence and at a decision. Under Germanic law, crimes were considered , punishable by revenge. An injury by one person against another could mean a , and the feud could lead to savage acts of revenge.
G. To avoid bloodshed, a new system developed, based on a called . Wergild was the amount paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person he or she had injured or killed. Wergild, which means “ ,” was the value of a person in money. The value varied according to .
H. The was one Germanic way of determining guilt. The practice was based on the belief that God let an innocent person be harmed. If the accused was unharmed after a physical trial (ordeal), he or she was presumed innocent.
II. The Role of the Church
A. had become the of the Roman Empire by the end of the 4th century. By this time the church had developed a . headed local communities called . A group of parishes was headed by a , whose area of authority was called a bishopric, or . Bishoprics were joined under the direction of an .
B. The bishop of Rome came to he was the of what was now called the Roman Catholic Church. The claim was based on the belief that Peter the keys to Heaven. Peter was considered the chief apostle and the of Rome. The bishops that succeeded him in Rome came to be called popes, from the Latin word papa, “ .”
C. Western Christians came to the pope as the Church’s leader, but they could not agree on the of the pope’s power. Pope Gregory I strengthened the power of the papacy. He was pope from 590 to 604. He took political control of Rome and its surrounding territories, later known as the . He extended papal authority over the Church in the West and non-Christians through the monastic movement.
D. A is a man who separates himself from worldly, everyday life to dedicate himself entirely to God. is the practice of living the life of a monk. In the 6th century, founded an order of monks and wrote rules for their practice.
E. Benedict’s rules the day into activities, emphasizing and much to keep the monks busy. was (being without a job) “the enemy of the soul.” Prayer was the proper “ .” Monks meditated and read privately. They prayed together seven times a day. All aspects of Benedictine life were .
F. An (“father”) each Benedictine monastery. Monks were to the will of the abbot. Monks took a vow of poverty. The monks’ dedication made them the new of Christian civilization. They also were the of the community, and monasteries became centers of .
G. were especially enthusiastic missionaries-people sent out to carry out a religious message.
H. Women, called , also began to withdraw from the world to dedicate themselves to God. Nuns live in headed by . Five hundred bishops were educated under abbesses Hilda in Whitby in 657.
III. Charlemagne and the Carolingians
A. In the 600s and 700s, the Frankish kings their power to the chief officers of the king’s household, called . One of these mayors, , assumed the kinship. His son became king after Pepin’s death in 768.
B. Pepin’s son was , or , one of history’s kings. He was a strong warrior, statesman, devout Christian and a supporter of learning. He ruled form 768 to 814. He the Frankish kingdom into what became known as the , which covered much of western and central Europe.
C. Charlemagne’s household staff and (German nobles) administered the empire locally. To keep the counts in line, Charlemagne established the (messengers of the lord king”), two men sent to make sure the king’s wishes were followed.
D. In 800, Charlemagne was crowned of the Romans. The coronation symbolized the of the Roman, Christian, and Germanic elements that forged European civilization.
E. Charlemagne’s desire to promote learning led to what has been called the ( ). There was interest in Latin culture and classical works- works of the Greeks and Romans.
F. Monasteries played an important role in this . Benedictine monks copied Christian and classical Latin manuscripts in , or writing rooms. Most of the Roman works we have today exist because Carolingian monks copied them.
Section 2: Feudalism
I. THE INVADERS
• Carolingian Empire apart soon after Charlemagne’s death.
• It was divided among his grandsons into major sections: West, East Frankish Lands and the Middle Kingdom
• Western Europe was beset by a wave of by the , .
II. DEVELOPMENT OF FEUDALISM
• The Vikings and other invaders posed a to the safety of people throughout Europe.
• People turn to local landed , or nobles to protect them.
• Developed during the middle ages, when royal governments were able to defend their subjects, nobles protection and land in return for service
• A man who served a lord in a military capacity was known as a .
• Each vassal was given the gift of land known as a .
• - unwritten rules that determined the relationship between a lord and his vassal.
• - a member of the heavily armored cavalry.
III. THE NOBILITY OF THE MIDDLE AGES
• The were the kings, dukes, counts, barons, and even bishops who had large landed estates, which had the political, social and economical power.
• Knights had and took part in tournaments.
• was established and was a that knights were supposed to follow.
• Knights were expected to the Church and defenseless people and treat captives as honored guests
• Chivalry implied knights should fight for and not for material.
IV. ARISTOCRATIC WOMEN
• Women property
• Most remain under the of their father or husbands.
• The lady of the castle the estate while the lord was away at war or court
• They supervised many servants, taking care of the and overseeing the supplies
• They were expected to be to their husbands, but some strong women advised or even dominated their husbands.
• The most famous woman of this time was known as . She marries Duke of Normandy, who becomes King Henry II of England. 2 of her 8 children become king of England, Richard I and John.
Section 3: The Growth of European Kingdoms
I. ENGLAND IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
• Anglo Saxon kings had ruled England.
• On October 14, 1066, an army of knights under landed on the coast of England and defeated King Harold and his foot soldiers at the .
• William was then crowned king of .
• The marriage of the Normans with the Anglo-Saxon nobility gradually Anglo-Saxon and French into a new English culture.
• The power of the English was enlarged during the reign of Henry II (1100’s).
• By King Henry’s challenge, four knights went to and murdered the archbishop , who was questioning the King’s authority.
• At in 1215, King John was forced to put his seal on a document of rights called the , or Great Charter.
• The Magna Carta was used in later years to strengthen the idea that a monarch’s power was limited, not absolute.
• In the thirteenth century, the also emerged.
II. THE FRENCH KINGDOM
• The turning point of the French monarchy was during the reign of .
• Kings who succeeded continued to to the French royal domain.
• Philip IV: established the first , or French parliament according to , or classes.
III. THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
• In the tenth century, powerful Saxon dukes became kings of the eastern Frankish kingdom.
• The German kings tried to rule both German and Italian lands.
• In return for protecting the pope, was crowned emperor of the Romans in 962.
• German king Frederick I considered the center of a “ .”
• Germany or Italy never really unified under any ruler and stayed as independent states until the 19th century.
• The struggle between had profound effects on the Holy Roman Empire.
• France and England both had monarchies.
IV. CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
• Slavic people: consisted of 3 major groups.
• Eventually the Poles, Czechs, and Hungarians all accepted western and became part of the Roman Catholic Church and its Latin culture.
• included the eastern and southern Slavs. This meant that their lives and culture were tied with the Byzantine state.
V. THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA
• Eastern Slavic peoples in the territory of present – day Ukraine and Russia were eventually dominated by called the .
• In the thirteenth century, the exploded upon the scene and conquered Russia.
Section 4: The Byzantine Empire and The Crusades
I. THE REIGN OF JUSTINIAN
• As Germanic tribes moved into the eastern part of the Roman Empire, the Eastern Roman empire continued to exist.
• became emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire and wanted to restore it to its fullest.
• His most important was his codification of Roman law in the . It was the basis of imperial law until the Eastern Roman Empire ended in 1453.
• It was the of imperial law until the Eastern Roman Empire ended in 1453. It also became the basis for much of the legal system of Europe.
II. FROM EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE TO BYZANTINE EMPIRE
• Justinian’s conquest left the Eastern Roman Empire with : too much territory to protect far from Constantinople, no money, a population decline due to plague, and renewed threats along its frontiers.
• Most serious challenge was , which created a powerful new unified Arab force that invaded the Eastern Roman Empire.
• The consisted of the eastern Balkans and Asia Minor, which had a civilization with its own unique .
• It was both a Greek and Christian state, built on faith.
• The Christian church of the Byzantine Empire came to be known as the .
• The head of the Orthodox Church was called a - he exercised control over church as well as state.
III. LIFE IN CONSTANTINOPLE
• was the in Europe during the Middle Ages.
• Greatest center of , chief center for the exchange of products between west and east. Silk cloth became the city’s most lucrative product.
• - was the greatest building built— .
IV. NEW HEIGHTS AND NEW PROBLEMS
• emperor expanded the Byzantine Empire and fostered a burst of economic prosperity.
• Byzantine Empire was troubled by a growing split between it church the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church of the West.
•
•
• This began , or separation between the two great branches of Christianity
V. THE CRUSADES
• Crusades were expeditions carried out by European Christians in the Middle Ages to regain the Holy Land ( ) from the Muslims at this time.
• France formed the with an army that included a band of warriors. Holy City was taken amid horrible of inhabitants.
• - led by King Louis VII of France and Emperor Conrad III of Germany. Crusade was a total .
• - led by Frederick Barbarossa from Germany, Richard I (Richard the Lionhearted) of England and Phillip II Augusts from France. Encountered problems which led to an by Richard I and , a Muslim leader with forces permitting Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem.
• - led by Pope Innocent III. , instead fought over succession to the Empire.
• : led by Nicholas of Cologne. Children sent home by pope (Italy), ships perished in a storm (France) , and rest sold into slavery (North Africa)
• The first widespread attacks on the began in the context of the Crusades. The massacre of Jews became a feature of medieval European life.
• Greatest impact of the Crusades was . They eventually helped to feudalism.
EXTRA CREDIT 2ND NINE WEEKS
Extra Credit
Second nine weeks
No Late Extra Credit Accepted, No Exceptions
Due: A Day January 7 B Day January 8
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