The Black Hand was the group that conspired to assassinate Archduke Francis Ferdinand.
In 1914 mobilization of a nation’s army was considered an act of war.
Trench warfare- fighting in ditches. The area between the ditches was called “no-man’s land”.
The Western Front was characterized by trench warfare. Trench warfare kept both sides virtually in the same position for four years.
Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire became known as the Central Powers.
Admiral Holtzendorff promised Emperor William II “not one American will land on the continent” because he wanted to convince the emperor to resume unrestricted submarine warfare.
Soviets were councils composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers.
The Red secret police, known as Cheka, began a Red Terror campaign to destroy all those who opposed the new regime.
The Treaty of Versailles was the treaty signed with Germany that many Germans felt was a harsh peace. The Treaty of Versailles ended WWI. It was signed 1919.
Requirments of Treaty of Versailles were:
1. Required Germany to pay war reparations to United States, Britian, and France.
2. Germany lost all over seas colonies
3. Required Germany to decrease its military.
Germany signed an Armistice on November 11, 1918. The eleventh month, eleventh day,and the eleventh hour.
France’s approach to peace was guided in large part by the desire for national security.
World War I was a total war, meaning that it involved complete mobilization of resources and people.
Militarism- the aggressive preparation for war.
The Schlieffen Plan was Germany’s plan for a two-front war with Russia and France, which had formed a military alliance.
The German advance toward Paris was halted at the Battle of Marne.
By attacking Austria in May 1915, Italy betrayed Germany and Austria.
Four Reasons U.S. got involved in WWI.
1. The Germans’ use of unrestricted submarine warfare. The sinking of the Lusitanian
2. Zimmerman Telegraph- Germany tries to talk Mexico into attacking the U.S. in order to keep the U.S. at home and out of WWI. Mexico was promised the return of all the land the U.S. had taken from them.
3. 1917 Germany returns to unrestricted U-boat warfare.
4. Russian Revolution- Bolshevik (Communist Party) takes over Russia led by Lenin. Kills the Russian Czar’s family.
The Bolsheviks became a party dedicated to violent revolution under the leadership of V.I. Lenin.
Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, which gave up much of Russian territory in an attempt to end Russia’s indolent in the war.
Woodrow Wilson became the spokesperson for a new world order based on democracy and international cooperation.
Germany was unhappy with Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles because it declared that Germany and Austria were responsible for starting the war.
After the war, Britain ruled Iraq and Palestine as mandated on behalf of the League of Nations, but did not own the territory.
Allied Powers -Great Britain, France, Italy, and Russia
Central Powers -Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire
League of Nations is a world organization created at the Paris Peace Conference
Erich von Ludendorff was the general who guided German military operation.
Lawrence of Arabia urged princes in the East to revolt against their Ottoman overlords.
Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife.
David Lloyd George was prime minister of Great Britain.
Grigori Rasputin was a Siberian peasant who influenced Alexandra, the wife of Czar Nicholas II.
World War I
World War I = The Great War was fought in Europe
War was fought on two fronts:
1. Western Front= Germany / France
2. Eastern Front = Austria- Hungary / Russia
Western Front- was Trench warfare fought in Belgium. Trench warfare was fighting in ditches with barb wire along the ditches. The area between the two trenches was called “No Man’s Land”.
Eastern Front- was tank warfare.
The border between France and Germany is the Mountains. In order to attack they had to go through Belgium.
Long Term Causes of World War I
Nationalism- pride and devotion to one’s country (culture)
Imperialism- Country taking over a colony’s resources
Triple Entente-(Allied Powers) France, Great Britain, Russia
Battle Tactics
Battle of Marne- French slowed down the German attack. Once the stopped them at the Battle of Marne, both sides dug trenches. Trench warfare did not exist until WWI.
The area between the trenches was known as no mans land. Trench warfare brought new problems: Longer wars, dead bodies in the trenches, human waste, and poor hygiene brought about diseases.
When U.S. comes into the war the Ottoman Empire gets involved on Germany’s side.
Belgium was a neutral country; however they were always invaded by the Germans
WWI was fought on two fronts: Western Front (Germany – England) Trench Warfare
Eastern Front- Germany –Russia Tank Warfare
Chapter 16 Study Guide
The Black Hand was the group that conspired to assassinate Archduke Francis Ferdinand.
In 1914 mobilization of a nation’s army was considered an act of war.
The Western Front was characterized by trench warfare. Trench warfare kept both sides virtually in the same position for four years.
Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire became known as the Central Powers.
Admiral Holtzendorff promised Emperor William II “not one American will land on the continent” because he wanted to convince the emperor to resume unrestricted submarine warfare.
Soviets were councils composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers.
The Red secret police, known as Cheka, began a Red Terror campaign to destroy all those who opposed the new regime.
The Treaty of Versailles was the treaty signed with Germany that many Germans felt was a harsh peace.
France’s approach to peace was guided in large part by the desire for national security.
World War I was a total war, meaning that it involved complete mobilization of resources and people.
Militarism- the aggressive preparation for war.
The Schlieffen Plan was Germany’s plan for a two-front war with Russia and France, which had formed a military alliance.
The German advance toward Paris was halted at the Battle of Marne.
By attacking Austria in May 1915, Italy betrayed Germany and Austria.
The Germans’ use of unrestricted submarine warfare brought the U. S. into the World War I.
The Bolsheviks became a party dedicated to violent revolution under the leadership of V.I. Lenin.
Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, which gave up much of Russian territory in an attempt to end Russia’s indolent in the war.
Woodrow Wilson became the spokesperson for a new world order based on democracy and international cooperation.
Germany was unhappy with Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles because it declared that Germany and Austria were responsible for starting the war.
After the war, Britain ruled Iraq and Palestine as mandated on behalf of the League of Nations, but did not own the territory.
Allied Powers -Great Britain, France, Italy, and Russia
Central Powers -Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire
League of Nations is a world organization created at the Paris Peace Conference
Erich von Ludendorff was the general who guided German military operation.
Lawrence of Arabia urged princes in the East to revolt against their Ottoman overlords.
Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife.
David Lloyd George was prime minister of Great Britain.
Grigori Rasputin was a Siberian peasant who influenced Alexandra, the wife of Czar Nicholas II.
Study Guide for History 9
Chapter 15 Study Guide
Britain was given the island of Hong Kong as a result of the Treaty of Nanjing.
Hong Xiuquan, leader of the Tai Ping Rebellion, viewed himself as the younger brother of Jesus Christ.
John Hay proposed the Open Door Policy for China.
Under the Reign of the younger emperor Mutsuhito, Japan underwent a political transformation known as the Meiji Restoration.
General Yuan Shigai agreed to serve as president of new Chinese republic after the collapse of the Qing dynasty.
The slogan of the Boxers was “destroy the foreigner.”
One result of Japan’s victory in the war with Russia was the world had to recognize Japan as one of the great powers.
The policy of “self –strengthening” called for China to adopt Western technology while retaining their Confucian values.
Ci Xi imprisoned Guang Xu and ended his reforms.
The daimyo governed prefectures (territories) after the Meiji government seized their lands.
A commission under Ito Hirobumi traveled to Great Britain, France, Germany, and the United States to study their governments.
European traders established spheres of influence that barred others from trading within a specific region by dealing with Chinese warlords for exclusive trading rights.
Extraterritoriality referred to the practice of Europeans living by their own laws while on Chinese soil.
Ba Jin was one of China’s foremost writers at the turn of the century.
Under Military pressure of Commodore Matthew Perry’s fleet, Japan signed the Treaty of Kanagawa, opening up trade relations with the U.S.
Henry Pu Yi is considered to be the last emperor of China.
Sun Yat-sen founded the Revive China Society and the Nationalist Party.
Guang Xu launched reform known as the One Hundred Days of Reform.
The Tai Ping Rebellion appealed to many people because it called for reforms, like giving land to the peasants and treating women as equals.
To adjust the trade imbalance with China, Britain began shipping opium grown in India directly to China.
First Opium War was a conflict resulting from the Chinese attempt to blockade Guangzhou to keep out British traders.
Tai Ping Rebellion caused by the failure of the Chinese government to deal with pressing internal economic problems.
Guang Xu launched the One Hundred Days of Reform.
Sun Yat-sen young radical who formed the Revive China Society.
Henry Pu Yi was China’s “last emperor”
Commodore Matthew Perry fleet pressured the Japanese into open trade relations with the U.S.
Edo was the Japanese capital after the Meiji Restoration
Treaty of Nanjing ended the first Opium War
Society of Harmonious Fists- boxers
General Yuan Shigai agreed to serve as president of the new Chinese republic
Japan made a surprised attack on Port Arthur.
Ci Xi opposed the emperor’s reforms and imprisoned him.
Meiji “Enlightened Rule”
John Hay proclaimed that China should have an Open Door Policy.
Chapter 14
1. Sir Stamford Raffles established the colony of Singapore.
2. When Francisco Madero seized control of Mexico he opened the door to wider a revolution led by Emiliano.
3. Simon Bolivar joined Jose de Martin’s forces to complete the liberation of Peru.
4. Mestizos worked as servants and laborers; were the largest group
5. Mohandas Gandhi set up a nonviolent movement with the aim to forces the British to aid the poor and grant independence to India.
6. Lord Macaulay designed a new school system in India to train Indian children to serve in the colonial government and army.
7. The only free states remaining in Africa by 1914 were Liberia and Ethiopia.
8. In direct rule the elites were removed from power and replaced with a new set of officials from the mother country.
9. Henry Stanley was hired by King Leopold II of Belgium to find David Livingston.
10. Because of exports, Latin America witnessed a growth in the middle sectors of Latin American society.
11. “White man’s burden” was the belief that Europeans had a moral responsibility to civilize primitive people.
12. Emilio Aguinaldo led a movement for independence in the Philippines.
13. Muhammad Ali seized power of Egypt in 1805 and established a separate Egyptian state.
14. The Boers were descendents of the original Dutch settlers of Cape Town.
15. The Indian distrust to the British brought on The First War of Independence, which the British called the Sepoy Mutiny.
16. The goal of the Indian National Congress was to share in the governing of India.
17. Rabindranath Tagore was an Indian author who was also a social reformer, spiritual leader, educator, ect.
18. The conservative elites of Mexico chose Agustin de Turbid to lead the revolt against Spanish rule.
19. Benito Juarez brought liberal reforms to Mexico.
20. Francisco Madero overthrew Porfirio Diaz to gain control of Mexico.
21. Francois-Dominique Toussaint-Louverture led the revolt in the French colony of Saint Domingue
22. Shaka was a talented ruler who carved out an empire for the Zulu people.
23. peninsulares held all the important positions in colonial Latin America
24. Cecil Rhodes was a man who set British policy in South America in 1880s.
25. King Mongkut promoted Western learning in Thailand
26. David Livingston spent 30 years exploring uncharted regions in Africa.
27. Monroe Doctrine guaranteed the independence of the new Latin American nations and warned against any European intervention.
Look at maps on pg. 431, 456
Charts pg. 430, 457,
Study Guide World History Grade 9
Ch. 13 Study Guide
In the Second Industrial Revolution, steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum are what led the way to new industrial frontiers.
By 1914, trade unions had bettered both the living and working conditions of the working class.
Although they made up only 5 percent of the population in the early 1900s, the new elite
Class controlled 30 to 40 percent of the wealth.
Amalie Sieveking founded the Female Association for the Care of the Poor and the Sick in Hamburg, Germany.
The alliance between Great Britain, Russia, and France was known as the Triple Entente.
According to Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity, if all material things disappear out of the universe, time and space would disappear with them.
Symbolists believed that the world was a collection of symbols that reflected the true reality, which was the individual human mind.
Functionalism was the idea that buildings, like the products of machines, should be useful and lack unnecessary ornamentation.
The internal-combustion engine gave rise to automobiles, airplanes, and improved ocean liners.
Revisionists were Marxists who rejected the revolutionary approach in favor of a more political approach.
In the early 1900s, 80 percent of the European population belonged to the working class.
Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters founded the Women’s Social and Political Union.
The principle of ministerial responsibility is the idea that the prime minister is responsible to the popularly elected legislative body and not to the executive officer.
Marie Curie’s discovery of radium changed the world’s view of the atom.
Vincent van Gogh was a Postimpressionist painter for whom art was a spiritual experience.
Karl Marx believed Proletarist, or the working class, was oppressed by the middle class.
The Legislative Assemble created by Carl Nicholas II was Duma.
Guglielmo Marconi sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic in 1901.
Ch. 11
Maximilien Robespierre- Dominated the Committee of Public Safety
Girondins- member of the Jacobin that represented the providences and favored keeping the King alive.
Mountain- member of the Jacobin that represented the Radicals
The Paris Commune led by Georges Danton seized political power of the Legislative Assembly.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen provide the basic liberties of man and freedom and equal rights for all men but not women.
The first Estate-clergy -Exempted from tallie
The second Estate-nobility- Exempted from tallie
Third Estate- commoners
Fourth- middle class- Exempted from tallie
Napoleon was defeated in the final battle at Waterloo by the Duke of Wellington
The National Convention attempted to create a new order that reflected its beliefs of reason by creating a new calendar, removing christen names from street signs, priest were encouraged to marry etc.
The term sans-culottes mean “without breeches” implying that members of this political group were ordinary patriots without fine clothes.
Thousands of Parisian women marched on Versailles and convinced the King to accept the new degrees of the National Assembly.
Napoleon’s new bureaucracy declared that promotions were based on ability not rank or birth.
The Russians burned their on villages and county-side to keep Napoleons men from finding food. This tactic helped to defeat Napoleon.
Know the map on pg. 334 and be able to answer questions related to this map.
Be able to answer question from graphs on pg 330
You will also have small passages to read in order to answer some test questions.
Chapter 12 World History Study Guide Grade: 9
1. Darwin’s ideas about natural selection were important to the principle of Organic evolution.
2. The romantics emphasized the feelings, emotions, and imagination as sources of knowing.
3. The Romantics valued individualism, the belief in the uniqueness of each person.
4. Charles Dickinson wrote books about realistic ideas that focused on the lower and middle class in Britain.
5. Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein was an example of a Romantic writer.
6. James Watt invented the steam engine.
7. Louis Pasteur proposed the germ theory of disease.
8. Secularization- indifference or rejection of religion or religious ideas.
9. The contributing factors to the Industrial Revolution in Britain were agricultural practices, abundant food, ready supply of money, natural resources, supply of markets.
10. Realism became a movement of the literary and visual arts that rejected romanticism.
11. Cotton cloth production was one of the first industries to be effected by the Industrial Revolution. The Flying shuttle made weaving faster which increased the demand for thread. The water-powered loom brought workers to factories.
12. The steam engine was crucial to Britain’s Industrial Revolution.
13. The factory created a new labor system in which workers had to work regular hours and do the same work over and over.
14. In Britain, women and children made up two-thirds of the cotton’s industry’s workforce by 1830.
15. Prince Klemens von Metternich’s claim that he was guided by the principles of legitimacy meant lawful monarchs from the royal families that had ruled before Napoleon would be restored to power.
16. Liberalism is the belief that people should be free as possible from government restraints.
17. Otto von Bismarck practiced realpolick, which meant the “policy of reality”, or politics based on practical matters rather than on theory or ethics.
18. The formation of the Confederate States of America was sparked after the election of Abraham Lincoln as president.
19. The Steam engine was crucial to Britain’s Industrial Revolution
20. The social change brought about by the Industrial Revolution was seen in the emergence of the middle class and the working class.
21. The pitiful conditions created by the Industrial Revolution gave rise to socialism.
22. According to principles of intervention, the great powers had a right to send armies into countries where there were revolutions in order to restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones.
23. The affect of the Crimean War was to destroy the Concert of Europe and Austria without friends. The British North America Act established a self-governing Canadian nation.
24. Read your chapter, know the key people, key terms and places.
25. Be able to answer questions from charts and maps on pg. 366, 376, 379
Ch 14-1
Direct Rule- replacement of local rulers with officials from the mother country
Singapore- “city of lion”
Imperialism- extension of nation’s power over other lands
Protectorate- political unit dependent on another for protection
Indirect rule- governing by working with existing local political elites. Local rulers were allowed to maintain their positions of authority in the new colony.
Colonial powers harmed their colonies by keeping wages low and taxes high.
The only two societies in Southeast Asia that were under European rule in the 1800’s were the Philippines and the Dutch East Indies
Commodore George Dewy defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay. The Spanish- American war gave the U.S. their first colonies. The islands were also a starting point to trade with China.
British activities led to the collapse of Burmese monarchy in Burma.
Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos were under French control.
French Indochina- included Vietnam, Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, Laos.
Vietnam people had been fighting for independence for over 100 years. They were the best at Guerrilla Warfare tactics.
The Spanish-American War resulted in the U.S. gaining new territories including Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.
Who was the United States trying to free in the Spanish-American War? Cuba
President McKinley saw the Philippines as a stepping-stone to the Chinese market.
The French in Southeast Asia formed the Union of French Indochina to stop British expansion.
Imperialism was viewed as a moral responsibility to civilize primitive cultures by some Europeans.
“White Man’s Burden” Europeans had a moral responsibility to civilize primitive people.
Section- 2
Suez Canal was a shortcut between Europe and Asia
David Livingstone was Scottish explorer, missionary, and doctor.
Muhammad Ali nineteenth-century Egyptian ruler
Afrikaners were Dutch settlers in South Africa
Annex to incorporate a country within another state
Britain, Germany and France all had colonies in West Africa by 1900.
Britain took an active interest in Egypt after the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869.
Italy seized Tripoli after the defeat of Ethiopia in 1896.
Leopold II of Belgium was the driving force behind the colonization of Central Africa.
The only independent states in Africa after 1914 was Liberia and Ethiopia
The Boers fought with the Zulu many times after 1830.
Cecil Rhodes named the territory north of Transvaal, Rhodesia.
The British preferred Indirect Rule in their colonies.
The British created the Union of South Africa by combining the Cape Colony with the Boer republics.
Liberia was created as a homeland for freed slaves from the U.S.
14-3 History Study Guide
Sepoy Mutiny was called the First War of Independence by the Indians.
The Members of the Gandhi movement believed in nonviolent resistance to British rule.
The British did not treat the Indians as their equals or respect their sacred grounds.
Queen Victoria assumed the title of Empress of India in 1876.
British rule hurt India by corrupt tax collection system, destruction of local industries, and reduction of food production.
The Indian National Congress asked to share the governing process.
Sepoys were Indian soldiers hired by the British East India Company.
Viceroys were British monarch’s representative rulers.
Queen Victoria’s “Jewel in the Crown” was India.
Mohandas Gandhi was Indian’s independence champion
The ruling British power in India in 1876 was British East India Company.
Ch 14-4
Caudillos were leaders of newly formed Latin American republics.
Santa Anna was Mexican ruler from 1833 to 1855.
Peninsulares was most privileged Latin American class
Benito Juarez was Mexican reform leader.
Monroe Doctrine guarantee by the U.S. to protect Latin America from Europe.
The Mexican reform movement from 1855 to 1876 brought about all of the following: separation of church and state, land distribution to the poor, and an education system
Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar led South American independence movements against Spain.
Miguel Hidalgo studied the French Revolution.
Wealth, social prestige, and political power were based on land during the nineteenth century in Latin America.
Latin America economy was dominated by Britain.
In 1820’s Britain proposed joint action with the U.S. against European powers.
After Napoleon overthrew the monarchies of Spain and Portugal, most of Latin America became independent.
Peninsulares considered the Creoles to be second class citizens.
In 1822 the prince regent of Brazil declared Brazil’s independence from Portugal.
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