Welcome Freshmen!
I hope this online resource will help you tremendously as we go along through this school year. I will update it weekly (on Fridays) for the upcoming week.
First off, Please feel free to email me as we go along and ask questions by simply clicking on the "click here" icon on the top of this page.
Second, as you scroll down you'll see that you can find each day's journal question and homework. This is to help you out if you forget to write the homework down, are sick some morning but still are feeling well enough to do your journal from your sick bed so you don't fall behind or whatever. You could even do each weeks work the weekend before so you don't have to stress about it during the week.
Third, as you scroll even further down you can find the notes for the chapter we are currently working on and all of the previous chapters during the current semester. The most recent chapter will be at the bottom. (scroll way down to find it) I would suggest filling in the blanks on your notes at home and that way you can have time to write down "extra" notes during the class lectures.
Fourth, you can find the unit test study guide already posted here on this web site. Click on the "flashcards" link to find what you'll need to know thoroughly for the Unit test. Please use the flashcards to test yourself and find out what you know and what you need to study some more. If you want to print them all out to make your own study guide click on "list all" and then copy/paste into a Word document on your computer. Space them out and you're ready to fill in definitions/ descriptions/ or answers to all of the study guide.
Fifth, you can also link to the text book manufacturer's web site and take their sample quizes and tests. I admit they are pretty weak, but better than nothing. However they do have an amazing amount of links covering every topic we will cover this year. This is an amazing resource with thousands of links organized by chapters from your text. Use this often and you'll enjoy everything about the course so much more. I also have a number of other interesting links to historical web sites just for fun.
Enjoy!
Mr. Lambert
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Homework and Journals
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SEMESTER 2
Homework and Journals for Quarter 3 Week 1 (January 28)
Monday Journal # 1
Skim Page 397. Answer the “Connect to History” and “Connect to Today” questions.
Homework: Skim pages 391-399. Do pages 392 and 399 # 1.
Tuesday Journal # 2
Do Geography questions on page 395. Then describe the Mayan City of Tikal (use slide show).
Homework: Skim 400-411. Do pages 406 #1 and 411 #3.
Wednesday Journal # 3
Describe the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl. Describe the religious practices of the Aztecs. What happened regarding the events with Montezuma.
Homework: Do 406 skillbuilder, and 408 geography questions.
Thursday Journal # 4
What does the term Renaissance mean specifically? Where did the Renaissance begin? What were the reasons why it flourished in Italy?
Homework: Page 414, all four questions. Explain.
Friday Journal # 5
What does the term humanism mean? What was a humanists goals and values? Write a short poem as if you were a humanist. ( at least 8 lines).
Homework: Finish Journals and do a Current Event.
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Homework and Journals for Quarter 3 Week 2 (February 5)
Monday Journal # 6
.Read p 416. Answer the question written in purple completely.
Homework: Read p. 417- 419. Do p. 422 #1 (Current Event)
Tuesday Journal # 7
Read p. 420. Answer the “ Connect to History” questions. Which medium Michelangelo best at? Architecture, Painting or Sculpture? Explain your answer
Homework: Read p.420 –422 Do p. 422 #3.
Wednesday Journal # 8
What changes did artists make in the Renaissance to improve their art from medieval art? Who was responsible for each of the changes? Which do you feel was most important and why?
Homework: Read p 423 – 425 Do p. 427 #.1&2
Thursday Journal # 9
Read the purple box on p. 426. How was Will Shakespeare a Renaissance man? Name several (2) movies today that fit each of the 3 categories Will used in his plays. Which do you enjoy the best? Why?
Homework: Read p. 426- 427. Do p. 427 #3 completely
Friday Journal # 10
Explain the printing press and how it works? How did it change life in Europe? Name several things in your life that are directly effected by this.
Homework: Finish Journals and do a Current Event.
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Homework and Journals for the week of February 12
Monday – Journal # 11
Put yourself in either Michealangelo or Leonardo’s shoes. Write a letter to Mr. Lambert about the most interesting things you’ve learned about the Renaissance. (1 page) Do so either in “mirror writing” or by sitting on the floor and holding your paper on the bottom of your desk.
Homework: Read p. 428- 432. Do p. 432 #1 & 3
Tuesday Journal # 12
Read over handout on the 95 thesis. Answer question at top of page. Write out one of the thesis’ and explain why Luther felt it was important for the people to hear.
Homework: Read p.433 –436 Do p. 436 #1 and 2.
Wednesday Journal # 13
Create a family tree of Henry VIII. Include Henry’s wives, Mary I, Elizabeth I, Edward VII, and Mary Queen of Scots. Include what they ruled, which religion, and their demise.
Homework: Study for Chapter 16 & 17 test
Thursday
Chapter 16 & 17 test
Friday Journal #14
In what ways was the golden Age of Akbar similar to and different from the Safavid Empire under Shah Abbas and of the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman I. Answer both map questions on page 445.
Homework: none (Current Event due next week)
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Homework and Journals for Quarter 3 Week 4 (February 18)
Monday
President’s Day- No School
Tuesday Journal # 15
Do the map questions on p. 450 & 451. Explain the story of why the Taj Mahal was built. (p.454)
Homework: Skim Ch 18 part 1 & 3, Read 446-7 and 452-55. Do p. 447 #1 and 457 #1
Wednesday Journal # 16
Look at p. 461 and Read p. 462. Answer the three questions on p. 460 and the two questions in purple on p. 462.
Homework: Read p. 463-468. Do p. 468 #1 and #3
Thursday Journal #17
Describe 5 new technological advances that aided in navigation and exploration. Which would be most valuable to you as a captain? Why?
Homework: Read p. 469-473. Do p. 473 #2
Friday Journal # 18
Read p. 482. Answer the three questions in purple on p. 482 and the two map questions on p. 484.
Homework: Finish Journals and do a Current Event.
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Homework and Journals for Quarter 3 Week 5 (February 28)
Monday Journal #19
Make a chart of explorers from page 484 and 490. Include their name, country sailed for, and area explored.
Homework: Read p. 482-494. Do p. 488 #1 and 494 #2.
Tuesday Journal # 20
Write out the causes of the Atlantic Slave Trade. What could be done to restore relations between races today in the United States? Will it ever work completely? Why?
Homework: Read p. 495-499.
Wednesday
Chapter 18-20 Test
Homework: Begin Study Guide
Thursday
Review Day
Homework: Finish Study Guide
Friday
Unit 4 Test
Homework: Finish Journals and do a Current Event.
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Homework and Journals for Quarter 3 Week 6 (March 4)
Monday Journal #21
Design your own palace as if you were the richest king in the world. What would it include? Draw a picture, diagram, or description. Answer the three questions written in purple on p. 512.
Test Corrections
Homework: Read p. 513-517. Do p. 517 #1 and #3
Tuesday Journal # 22
Describe Louis XIV’s Palace of Versailles. Use p. 521, Mr. Lambert’s description, and the slides from class.
Homework: Read p. 518-523. Do p. 523 #1 and #3
Wednesday Journal # 23
Compare Maria Teresa and Frederick the Great. Explain where they came from and their rise to power. What became of each. Do p. 530 #2
Homework: Read p. 524-530. Do p. 530 #1 and map questions p. 527.
Thursday Journal #24
Read page 534. How have Russians adapted to the cold climate? What transportation adaptations have they made? Housing adaptations? What special activities have they created that fit their climate?
Homework: Read p. 531-539. Do p. 535 #1 p.539 #1
Friday Journal # 25
Do p. 539 #2. What patterns do you see in these king’s conflicts with the monarch?
Homework: Finish Journals and do a Current Event.
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Homework and Journals for the week of March 10
Monday Journal #26
Describe the English Civil War. Who fought against whom, nicknames of each side, the leading general, and the result of this war? Was this extreme action warranted by Parliament? Why or why not?
Homework: Study for Ch. 21 test
Tuesday
Chapter 21 Test
Homework: Read p. 545- 550 Do p 550 # 1
Wednesday
Journal # 27
Read p 544. If you were Galileo would you deny an idea if you know it to be true? Answer the three questions in purple.Do skill builder on page 554. Explain which Enlightenment thinker you feel has made the largest contribution to your life today.
Homework: Read p.551- 556. Do 556 #1 &3.
Thursday Journal #28
Make a chart of 4 astronomers, 4 medical people, 3 chemists, and 7 philosophers. Include name, dates, profession, and major accomplishment.
Homework: Homework: Read p. 588- 562. Do p. 562 # 1&2
Friday Journal #29
Does a Christian have the right to rebel against his government if his cause is just and his government is unjust? Explain why or why not. (Romans 13:1-7, Daniel 3:1, 1 Samuel 15:23)
Homework: Current Event.
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Homework and Journals for Quarter 3 Week 8 (March 17)
Monday Journal # 30
Do Geography skill builder questions on page 565 and skill builder questions on page 566.
Skim p. 563-567. Do p.567 #1 & 4
Tuesday Journal #31
Read the periwinkle colored box on page 569. Answer the three questions that follow about the enlightenment thinkers.
Homework: Study for Ch. 22 test
Wednesday
Chapter 22 Test
Homework: Read p.573- 576. Do 576 #1 &3.
Thursday Journal # 32
What were the three estates of France? What percentage of the people and how much land did each own? What jobs did people from each estate hold? Answer the two skillbuilder questions on p. 574.
Homework: Read p. 577- 583. Do p. 583 # 1
Friday Journal #33
Look at the two paintings on page 575. What is the most striking difference between the two women? What things can you see that show the contrasts in their lives? How would a biblical perspective life be portrayed (lived out) for each of these women?
Finish Journals and do a Current Event.
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Homework and Journals for Quarter 3 Week 9 (March 24)
Monday Journal # 33
Look at the two paintings on page 575. What is the most striking difference between the two women? What things can you see that show the contrasts in their lives? How would a biblical perspective life be portrayed (lived out) for each of these women?
Homework: Read p. 577- 583. Do p. 583 # 1
Tuesday Journal # 34
Describe the rise of Napoleon. What was his position at each stage and what was it that sent him to greater power? What was it that helped Napoleon succeed? What happened eventually to him on 12-2-1804?
Homework: Read p. 584- 588. Do p. 588 #2
Wednesday Journal #35
Peruse p. 581 in your text. In which ways was the guillotine an effective means of execution? Would this act as a deterrent for crime today? Would you support it today? Does the Bible support capital punishment? Explain. (Romans 6:23, 5:8)
Homework: Read p. 589-592. Do p. 592 #1 & 2.
Thursday Journal #36
What were Napoleon’s Three Costly Mistakes. Explain each. How could each have been avoided?
French Revolution Movie
Homework: Read p.593- 596. Do 596 #1
Friday
French Revolution Movie
Homework: None. Current Event on Tuesday.
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Homework and Journals for Quarter 3 Week 10 (March 31)
Monday
Finish French Revolution Movie (& take quiz on movie)
Work and Finish Napoleon Map in class
Tuesday Journal #38
Compare the Battle of Trafalgar and the Battle of Waterloo. Compare how the battles were fought, who the leaders were, and the results/effects of each.
Homework: Read Chapter 23 in preparation for test
Wednesday Journal #39
Who were the major people involved in the Congress of Vienna and from which country did they come? What were the decisions that came from the congress?
Homework: Study for Chapter 23 test
Thursday
Chapter 23 Test.
Homework: Skim pages 603-612, Do page 608 # 1 and 2, p.612 #1
Friday Journal #39
Which countries had revolts in 1848? Explain what happened in each of those revolutions? What was accomplished through them in each country?
Test Corrections
Enjoy your Spring Break!
(Current Event on Tuesday after Spring Break)
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Homework and Journals for Quarter 4 Week 1 (April 14)
Monday -Journal #40
Which countries had revolts in 1848? Explain what happened in each of those revolutions? What was accomplished through them in each country?
Homework-Read pages603-608 Do p. 608 #1&2
Tuesday - Journal #41
Answer page 623 number 2. Which of the three best suits you? Explain what is it about that type of style that seems to work best for you?
Homework: Read p. 609-612. Do p. 612 #1, Current Event
Wednesday- Journal #42
Do Geography Skillbuilder Questions on pages 615 and 617.
Homework- Read pages 613-618. Do page 618 #1.
Thursday- Journal #43
Read the beginning of the poem “The Prisoner of Chillon” by Lord Byron. What is a romantic poem and why does this poem fit into that category? Give examples. (will be available in class or can be found by a search online)
Homework- Read pages 619-623. Do page 623 #2
Study for Chapter 24 Test
Friday-
Chapter 24 Test
Homework- Work on Unit 5 Study Guide
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Homework and Journals for Quarter 4 Week 3 (April 21)
Monday- Journal #45
Study for Unit 5 Test
Current Event
Tuesday-
Unit 5 Test
Wednesday-
Answer the three questions on p. 630. Read page 632. Answer all three questions written in purple.
Homework-Read page 633-637, Do page 637 # 1and 2.
Thursday - Journal #46
Read p.642 about Child Labor and the box in purple. List all the things you find wrong or unfair with the “day in the life” of a child laborer. If the environmental conditions described in the box existed today what would you do about it. (Let it go, try to fix it, etc.)
Homework-Skim 638-642 Peruse pages643-646 Do page 646 #1 & 3 (Due Monday)
(Chapter 25 test next Wednesday)
Do Current Event for next week
Friday-
Parent-Teacher conferences
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Homework and Journals for Quarter 4 Week 4 (April 28)
Monday- Journal #47
Define utilitarianism, socialism, Marxism, communism. Describe the major differences between Capitalism and Marxism (p.650). Answer both “skillbuilder” questions.
Homework-Read p. 647-652 #1, Study for Chapter 25 test
Tuesday- Chapter 25 test
After the test:
Journal #48
Read pg. 661. What sort of ways were the Ladies of the Era being deceived by merchants? Can you think of another way to deceive them? List the Victorian manner you find most fascinating for gentlemen and ladies. Explain why.
Homework- Read p. 659- 663. Do p. 663 #1&2
Wednesday- Journal #49
Make a list of 10 inventions and/or discoveries from p.673-679. Rank them in order by importance. Why was your top choice #1 and your bottom choice #10?
Homework- Read p. 664-668. Do p. 668 #1&2.
Thursday- Journal #50
Answer “Geography Skillbuilder” questions on pg. 688. Read pg. 696. List 10 British Colonies. Then summarize 1 of the 3 views on Imperialism.
Homework- Skim p.669-672 Read p. 673- 679. Do page 672 #1 page 679 #1
Friday- Journal #51
Identify the three groups involved in the Boer War (p. 689) What happened in this war and what were the results? What do you feel would have been a fair settlement in this war? Explain.
Do Current Event for next week.
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Homework and Journals for Quarter 4 Week 5 (May 5-9)
Monday- Journal #52
Define Imperialism. Identify each of the forms of imperialism (p. 690) and describe each. Do the “Skillbuilder” questions on p. 690.
Skim p. 685-688, Read p. 689. Do p. 689 #1
Tuesday- Journal #53
Answer “Geography Skillbuilder” questions on pg. 702. Describe the impact of Colonialism on India (702) and the differences of people in the British Army and Indian servants. Describe the events of the Sepoy Rebellion and the result.(pg.703)
Skim 691-697. Read p,698-700. Do p. 695 #1 & p. 700 #1
Wednesday- Journal #54
Identify each country in South East Asia. Which European country controlled each? Explain Hawaii’s plight and what happened to the Queen.
Homework- Read p. 701-709. Do p. 705 #1 and p. 709 #1 Study for test!
Thursday- Chapter 26 & 27 Test
After the Test.. Journal #55- Answer all three questions in purple on p. 714 and answer “Geography Skillbuilder” questions on p. 718.
Homework- Read p. 715-719 Do # 1 and 3
Friday- Journal #56- Answer “Skillbuilder” Questions on p. 721. Describe the daily life of Japanese women. (p. 720) Would this type of life been satisfactory for you? Explain.
Homework- Read p. 720-727. Do p. 723 #1 and p. 727 #1 (study guide)
UNIT 6 TEST TUESDAY NEXT WEEK
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Homework and Journals for Quarter 4 week 6 (May 12-16)
Monday- Journal #57
From p. 728 identify several of the most interesting facts regarding the building of the Panama Canal. What difficulties did workers face in the canal construction? Do you think the benefits have ultimately outweighed the cost in time, money, and human life? Explain.
Homework- Read p. 729-733. Do p. 733 #1 and #2 (finish study guide) (current event)
Tuesday- Journal #58
Make a time line to cover The Mexican Revolution. Begin with the end of the Mexican American War in 1848 through the writing of their constitution in 1917. Include leaders, movements, battles, generals, etc.
No homework
Wednesday- Unit 6 Test
Homework: Skim 743-746. Read pg. 747-751 Do pg.751 #1&2
Thursday- Journal #59
Identify the countries in the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance. Describe the dangers of these rival alliances. Under what circumstances would you support your alliances? Under what conditions would you go back on your agreement? Explain.
Homework: Read pg. 753-757 Do pg. 757 #1&3
Friday- Journal #60
Answer geography questions on pg. 754. What effect did the withdrawal of the Russians have on the rest of the allies? (p.751 and 756.)
Homework: Enjoy your weekend.
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Homework and Journals for the Quarter 4 Week 7 (May 19-23)
Monday- Journal #61
Describe in some detail the idea of trench warfare. Describe what life was like for the men living in the trenches. What would have been the hardest part of living in a trench for you? Would you be able to fight or be tempted to give up?
Homework: Read pg.760-763 Do pg.763 #1&3
Tuesday- Journal #62
Describe Wilson’s 14 points. (Write out the first 5) Describe the relationship between Clemenceau and Wilson. What did each want in the treaty of the war.
Homework: Read pg. 769-774. Do p. 774 #1&3
Wednesday- Journal #63
Make a chart of the major provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. Include at least 2 sub-points. Answer both “skillbuilder” questions on pg.761. If you were a German how would you have felt about this treaty? Explain.
Homework- Read 769-774. Do pg.774 #2
Thursday- Journal #64
Describe Bloody Sunday, The March Revolution, and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. Why did Russia drop out of World War I? (p. 771, 772)
Homework: Read pg. 775-780 Do pg. 780 #1&2
Friday- Journal #65
Answer both “skillbuilder” questions on pg. 776. Describe the 5-year plan. What did it hope to do for the country? Would you have enjoyed living under the 5-year plan? Explain why or why not.
Classwork: Skim 781-789 Do pg.784 #1 and p. 789 #1
Homework: Enjoy your weekend (Current Event) Chapter 29 & 30 Test is TUESDAY!!!
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Homework and Journals for Quarter 4 Week 8 (May 26-30)
Monday- Memorial Day
Tuesday-
Chapter 29&30 Test
After the test- Journal #66
Answer questions 1-3 on p. 792. Examine the two candidate’s platforms on pg. 794. Which candidate will you choose? Explain.
Homework: Skim pg.795-806 do pg.800 #2 & do pg.806 #2
Wednesday- Journal #67
What is a Depression? Explain how the Great Depression hit each; the US, Britain, and Germany. Answer both skillbuilder questions on page 805. How did each respond to the crisis?
Homework: Read pg.807-815 do pg.813 map questions & pg.815 #1
Thursday- Journal #68
Define fascism and Nazism. Do pg. 810 #2
Homework: Describe Hitler’s rise to power in Germany. Use all of the events in Hitler’s regime between 1920 and November 9, 1938.
Friday- Journal #69
Explain what Hitler did with the Treaty of Versailles. How did the League of Nations respond to Hitler? What would you have done if you were Hitler, if you were a representative of League of Nations?
No Homework- Enjoy the Weekend (current event)
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Homework and Journals for the week of June 2nd-6th
Monday- Journal #70
Make a chart or explain the events that led up to World War II. What did Nazi Germany do and how did the world respond to each event?
Homework: Read pg. 821-826 pg. 826 #’s 1 and 2 (Current Event-Last One!)
Tuesday- Journal #71
Journal #61 Examine pg. 820 Answer the three questions in purple. In the end would bombing this city help you win the war at a reasonable cost?
Homework: Begin World War II East and West Maps
Wednesday- Journal #72 (Last Journal of the Year!)
Explain operation Overlord and D-day. Geography skillbuilder questions pg. 838.What faced the Allied soldiers upon the landing on the beach? Given the choice would you have chosen to join the American troops? Explain.
Homework- Finish World War II in the East and West maps, study for chapter 31 & 32 test
Thursday-
Chapter 31 & 32 test
Homework: Work on study guide for Unit 7 test
Friday- no journal
Chapter 31&32 Test Corrections
Homework: No current Event- Finish Study Guide for Unit 7- Organize folder for your FINAL
Finals Week
Monday- Memorial Day- No School
Overview of Unit 8 and quiz at the end of class
Tuesday-
Finals 1st and 6th period
Wednesday-
Finals 2nd and 4th period
Thursday-
Finals 3rd and 7th period
Friday-
Teacher Wrap up day- first day of summer holidays for students
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NOTES
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Eras of World History
Era 1: Early Civilizations
Era 2: Greco-Roman
Era 3: Middle Ages
Era 4: Renaissance and Reformation
Era 5: Absolutism and Revolution
Era 6: Industrialism
Era 7: Modern Age
Era 8: Post-Modern Age
Era 1: Early Civilizations
Creation-1000 BC
Mainly in the Fertile Crescent or Mesopotamia
Earliest Civilizations including Sumerians, Egyptians, Hittites, Hebrews, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians
Indus River Valley Civilization, Aryans, Shang Dynasty
Old Testament
Era 2: Greco-Roman
1000 BC- 500 AD
Greeks and Romans
Minoans (2200 BC)
Myceneans
Athens and Sparta and other city states
Roman Republic (500 BC-44 BC)
Roman Empire (44 BC- 476 AD)
New Testament Times
Era 3: Middle Ages
500 AD – 1400 AD
“Dark Ages”-Europe stepped backward culturally
Most development and learning was in the east (Arabia, China, and India)
Charlemagne united much of Europe
Feudalism, Knights, Kings and Crusades
Gothic Architecture
Era 4: Renaissance and Reformation
1400 – 1600
“Rebirth” of Art and Learning
Vastly improved art; focus on the human body and its abilities.
Michelangelo, Leonardo & Raphael
Martin Luther led the split of the Protestant Church away from the Catholic.
Led to great religious wars.
Era 5: Absolutism and Revolution
1600 – 1815
Louis XIV’s Absolute rule and Versailles
European Monarchs all rule with absolute authority (except Britain)
American and French Revolution
Explorers discover and settle in the New World.
Imperialism spreads around the globe.
Era 6: Industrialism
1815 – 1914
Inventions
Huge growth of Industry
Urbanization/ larger cities
Factory System
Transportation Increases
Improved communication
World Missions
Era 7: Modern Age
1914 – 1989
World War I- The Great War
Rise of Communism and Nazism
World War II
The Cold War- Korean War, Vietnam War, Cuban Missile Crisis, the Space Race, etc.
The U.S. vs. the U.S.S.R.
Iron Curtain split between East and West
Communism vs. Capitalism
Era 8: Post-Modern Age
1989 – present
De-militarism of “Super Powers”
Expanded economic systems
Information Age- Computers & Internet
Persian Gulf War
9/11 - War against Terror
??????
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Biblical Themes in History
1. In society, truth is not relative; it is absolute and its source is solely God. Tolerance understands others’ ideas, but does not require surrender of your worldview.
2. God’s faithfulness is evident in the past and He has revealed Himself to man throughout history.
3. In God’s sovereignty, He controls the rise and fall of rulers and nations.
4. Mankind is totally depraved and his sinful nature is seen throughout history. Law and government were established to restrain this depravity in the governors as well as the governed.
5. Throughout history, God has partnered with people to further his mission of salvation and redemption of a fallen creation.
6. God’s people are stewards of His blessings (such as, freedom, time, money, property, and God’s natural world) and with those blessings come great responsibility to further God’s ministry of redemption.
7. God has specific directions (absolute law) concerning our relationship to both Himself and our fellow man.
Part 1: diverse Societies of North America
I. Complex Societies Build and Trade
A. Pacific Northwest tribes live off sea and forest resources.
B. Southwestern tribes build complex pueblos in a desert environment.
C. Mound builders in the Mississippi Valley create elaborate earthworks and extensive trade routes.
D. Eastern woodlands tribes clash over land, but some from lasting alliances.
II. Cultural Connections
A. Trade networks link Native American peoples across North America.
B. Native Americans worship diverse spirits and show great reverence for the land.
C. The family is basis for tribal social organizations.
Part 2: Mayan Kings and Cities
III. Maya Create Urban Kingdoms
E. The Mayan civilization stretches from what is now southern Mexico to El Salvador.
F. Mayan cities are supported by trade and agriculture.
G. In Mayan society, nobles rank highest, followed by merchants, artisans, and peasants.
IV. Religion Shapes Mayan Life
D. Mayans worship many gods and create elaborate rituals.
E. Mayan calendars, math, and astronomy support their religious practices.
F. Their written language is preserved in stone carvings and a few remaining books.
V. Mysterious Mayan Decline
A. By the 800s, the Maya begin to abandon their cities.
B. Warfare, economic problems, and ecological damage may have led to the decline if the Maya.
C. Mayan culture still survives in peasant communities.
Part 3: The Aztecs Control Central Mexico
VI. The Valley of Mexico
H. The Valley of Mexico provides a fertile home for several powerful cultures.
I. Teotihuacan becomes a major city and trade center.
J. The Toltecs rise to power and introduce the legend of Quetzalcoatl.
VII. Aztecs build an Empire
G. The Aztecs settle in the Valley of Mexico and found the city of Tenochtitlan.
H. The Aztecs form the triple alliance and build an empire through conquest.
I. The emperor and nobles, whose wealth is based on tribute, rule Aztec society.
J. Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs’ island capital, becomes an impressive urban center.
VIII. Religion, the center of Aztec Life
D. Aztec religion centers on the worship of many gods through elaborate public ceremonies.
E. Human sacrifice is essential in Aztec religion to renew the sun each day.
F. The need for sacrificial victims compels the Aztecs to conquer more lands and capture more prisoners.
IX. Problems in the Aztec Empire
A. During the reign of Montezuma II, the empire begins to weaken.
Part 4: The Inca Create a Mountain Empire
X. The Inca Come to Power
K. The Inca settle the valley of Cuzco, establishing n 11-family royal lineage.
L. They believe the Incan ruler is descended from the sun god.
M. The Inca conquer a vast territory, using military power and wise diplomacy.
XI. Inca Government Creates Unity
K. The Inca create a central bureaucracy to rule their empire.
L. They build cities and roads to unify the empire, and create a state-run economy.
M. The Inca develop calendars and accounting methods but not a written language.
XII. Religion Supports the State
G. Incan religion reinforces the power of the state.
H. The Inca worship nature spirits, especially the son god, Inti.
I. Young men and women are drafted for lifetime service to the state church.
XIII. Discord in the Empire
B. The Incan ruler dies, and his sons launch a civil war to determine who will rule.
C. When the Spanish arrive, they are able to divide and conquer the Inca Empire.
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Chapter 17 – European Renaissance and Reformation
Part 1: Italy: Birthplace of the Renaissance
I. Italy’s Advantages
A. The Renaissance begins in Northern Italy’s cities around 1300.
B. Italian merchants and bankers, such as the Medicis, support the arts.
C. Renaissance scholars revive the study of Greek and Roman cultures.
II. Classical and Worldly Values
A. Humanists focus on human potential and achievements.
B. The basic spirit of the Renaissance is secular.
C. Popes and Merchants become patrons of the arts.
D. The ideal renaissance individual excels in many fields.
E. Upper-class Renaissance women are well-educated but lack power.
III. Renaissance Revolutionizes Art
A. Many Renaissance artists develop new techniques, such as perspective.
B. Leonardo da Vinci typifies the true Renaissance man.
C. Raphael creates realistic masterpieces.
D. A few Italian women gain recognition as painters.
IV. Renaissance Writers Change Literature
A. Petrarch, an elderly humanist, writers outstanding poetry.
B. Boccaccio writes stories exposing the follies of human nature.
C. Machiavelli writes The Prince, a political guidebook for rulers.
D. Women Renaissance writers tend to focus on personal subjects.
Part 2: the Northern Renaissance
V. The Northern Renaissance Begins
D. England and France are unified under strong monarchs.
E. Renaissance ideas spreading from Italy mingle with northern European traditions.
F. The Northern Renaissance develops distinctive features.
VI. Artistic Ideas Spread
F. Artists studying in Italy bring Renaissance ideas to northern Europe.
G. The realism of Durer’s paintings and engravings inspire other German artists.
H. Flanders becomes the artistic center of northern Europe.
I. Flemish painters Van Eyck and Bruegel focus on realistic details.
VII. Northern writers Try to Reform Society
E. Renaissance ideas influence northern European writers and philosophers.
F. Christian humanist writers express their social and religious concerns.
G. William Shakespeare’s brilliant plays dramatize human nature.
H. The Renaissance in England is also called the Elizabethan Age, named after Queen Elizabeth I.
VIII. Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas
E. Gutenberg invents the printing press and then prints a complete Bible.
F. Faster bookmaking advances learning and increases literacy.
G. More people learn and interpret the Bible for themselves.
Part 3: Luther Starts the Reformation
IX. Causes of the Reformation
G. Renaissance ideas and corrupt clergy undermine the Church’s authority.
H. Several church leaders call for reforms.
X. Luther Challenges the Church
J. Martin Luther, a German monk, protests the sale of indulgences.
K. In 1517, Luther begins the Reformation when he posts the 95 Theses attacking the sale of indulgences on a church door in Wittenburg.
L. Luther teaches his views on the path to salvation and the interpretation of the Bible.
XI. The Response to Luther
I. The pope excommunicates Luther.
J. The Holy Roman emperor declares Luther a heretic and outlaw.
K. German peasants revolt in 1524.
L. The Holy Roman emperor wages war against the
Protestant princes of Germany.
XII. England Becomes Protestant.
H. The Pope refuses to annul King Henry VII’s marriage.
I. Henry resolves the marriage problem by asking Parliament to end the pope’s power in England.
J. Parliament passes an act making the English king,
not the pope, the head of the church in England.
K. Clashes over religious reform heighten when
Henry’s heirs take the throne.
L. Henry’s daughter Elizabeth I returns England to
Protestantism during her reign
Part 4: The Reformation Continues
XIII. Calvin Begins Another Protestant Church
I. John Calvin creates a system of Protestant theology.
J. Calvin runs the city of Geneva as a theocracy.
K. Scottish, Swiss, Dutch, and French reformers adopt a Calvinist form of church organization.
XIV. Other Reformers
M. New protestant groups form over differences in beliefs.
N. Anabaptists believe that only adults should be baptized.
O. Women play key roles in the early Reformation.
XV. The Catholic Reformation
M. The church launches reforms to strengthen and spread the catholic religion.
N. Ignatius of Loyola forms a Catholic religious order called the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits.
O. Two popes in the 1500s initiate reforms in the Catholic Church.
P. A great council of church leaders meets in Trent to improve church governments and clarify beliefs.
Q. The Reformation leaves an enduring legacy.
Renaissance Notes
Renaissance means “rebirth”
It was a period of “rebirth” of the Art and Learning from the Greco-Roman period.
It was bringing back and improving on Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Scientific Discovery, Music, and Writing
It was focusing on Human Potential, Achievement and Man’s Ability. “Humanism”
It was a secular movement and did not acknowledge God, the “Creator of the creation”
It began in Florence, Italy (Firenze) and lasted from 1400-1600.
Rome and Venice were also important. Other places in Europe spun off of Italy’s achievements and began their own renaissance.
It began because “patrons” began supporting artists allowing them to work full time on the arts. The Medici family (Rulers and Bankers) began the movement in Florence.
Lorenzo De Medici: Art Patron
No more “Dark Ages”- Enter Humanism
Petrarch
(1304-74)
“Father of
Humanism”
-sonnets
-love poems to
“Laura”
-revived interest
in Classical Lit.
Castigione
(1478-1529)
The Courtier
Machiavelli
(1469-1527)
The Prince
Erasmus of Rotterdam
(1466?-1536)
Praise of Folly
Sir Thomas More
(1478-1535)
Utopia
Miguel de Cervantes
(1547-1616)
Don Quixote
William Shakespeare
(1564-1616)
154 sonnets
38 plays
Histories
Comedies
Tragedies
Giotto di Bondone
(1266?-1337)
“Father of Renaissance Painting”
Massacio
(1401-1428)
Greater Realism
First to introduce “Shading”
Sandro Botticelli
(1444?-1510)
Added movement, flowing hair and wispy clothing
Fra Filippo Lippi
1406-1469
Lifelike and accurate people
Unnatural backgrounds and landscapes
Madonna and Child
Andrea del Verrocchio
1435-1488
Taught Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo da Vinci
(1452-1519)
“Renaissance Man”
Sculptor, architect, painter, musician, and poet
Studied anatomy, botany, geology, astronomy,
engineering, and mathematics.
Sense of Balance in his painting
Two most famous painting are
The Last Supper
Mona Lisa
Leonardo’s notebooks…
5,700 pages
“mirror script”
Human bodies, machines, plant life...
Raffaello Sanzio (1483-1520)
Most well known for
sweet faced Madonnas
“chubby angels”
Paints with balance,
harmony, and perspective
Lots of paintings and Frescos
Michelangelo Buonarroti
(1475-1564)
Best known for his sculpting
Became the adopted son of
Lorenzo de Medici
Most famous paintings:
Ceiling of Sistine Chapel
The Last Judgement
Most famous sculptures:
David
Pieta
Moses
The Sistine Chapel ceiling
4 years to complete
70 feet above the floor
5,800 sq. feet
over 300 figures (10-18 feet tall)
Tells the story of the Creation,
fall, the Flood, and the
Redemption of man as told by the
O.T. prophets
The Last Judgement
Christ calling the saved
to heaven and the unsaved
being dragged to hell.
Titian (1477-1576)
Tiziano Vecelli
• Prolific painter
• Rich color
• Portraits
• Religious scenes
• Venetian people
in Greek settings
• Became rich from
his work.
Tintoetto
(1518-1594)
Jacopo Robusti
• Tintoretto means “little dyer”
• Used bright colors
• Sought to combine the
colors of Titian
and the drawing skill
of Michelangelo
(1471-1528)
Albrecht Durer
• “Leonardo of the North”
• Studied/traveled to Italy
• Watercolors of floral scenes
• Woodcarvings
• Engravings
Hans Holbein the Younger
(1479?-1543)
Father was also famous painter
Finest portrait painter of
Northern Renaissance
Worked in many countries
Spent a lot of time in England
with Henry VIII
Jan van Eyck
(1370-1440)
Flemmish school of painters
Usually smaller paintings
(only a few feet big instead of wall size)
First to use Oil Paints
Allowed for exquisite detail
Pieter Brueghel
(1525?-1569)
Flemmish Painting
Details…
Genre Painting…
scenes of
everyday life.
In 1401 the city of Florence held a contest to see who could design the
bronze doors for the entrance to the baptistery of Florence…
the top two competitors were...
Lorenzo Ghiberti…
…the winner
(1378-1455)
Made two bronze doors in his
life one depicting O.T. scenes
and the other depicting N.T.
…and the loser walked across the square and the ended up designing
and building the dome for the Duomo (Cathedral of Florence)
Filippo Brunelleschi
(1377?-1446)
Studied architecture in Rome
Built the model that most other
architects used when designing
domes (cupolas)
Donatello
(1386?-1466)
Leading sculptor of early Renaissance
Served as an assistant to Ghiberti
Traveled with Brunelleschi to Rome
Most famous work: David
…not only did Michelangelo paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
(the greatest single work of art ever) he also is credited with the
greatest sculpture ever as well. (The David)
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni
(1475-1564)
• He always said that he was “releasing”
the figure within the marble.
• His other most famous sculpture was the Pieta
which means “pity”
Josquin Depres
(1450?-1521)
Flemish Composer
Both Secular and Sacred Music
Masses
Hymns
Motets (more than 100)
Chansons
Palestrina
(1526?-1594)
Giovanni Pierluigi
More than 900 musical pieces
Polyphonic music
“Prince of Music”
************************************************
Chapter 18-20 – Exploration and New Empires
Part 1: The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire
I. Turks Settle is Christian Byzantium
A. Bands of Muslim warriors carve out a state in Byzantine Anatolia.
B. Timur the Lame slows the growth of the empire.
II. Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion
A. Led by Mehmet II, the Ottomans take Constantinople and end the Byzantine empire.
B. Selim the Grim expandsthe Ottoman Empire into North Africa.
III. Suleiman the Lawgiver
A. Suleiman’s conquests expand the empire to its greatest size.
B. An efficient social structure incorporates Christian slaves in a policy known as devshrime.
C. Ottoman achievements under Suleiman include liberal laws and architectural masterpieces.
IV. The Empire Declines Slowly
A. Internal problems and a series of weak sultans result in the slow decline of the Ottoman Empire.
Part 2: Cultural Blending
V. Patterns of Cultural Blending
C. Cultures interact as migration, trade, war, and spread of religions bring peoples into contact.
D. Cultural blending is an important ongoing pattern in world history.
VI. The Safavids Build a Shi’a Empire
C. Ism’il conquers Persia in the name of Shi’a Islam.
D. Shah Abbas brings Safavid culture to a peak of power and artistic achievement.
E. Internal problems erode the Safavid dynasty.
F. The Safavid legacy is a culture blended of Shi’a Islam and ancient Persian nationalism.
Part 3: The Mughals Establish an Empire in India
VII. Early History of the Mughal Empire
E. Centuries of bitter conflict mark Hindu-Muslim relations in India.
F. Babur conquers India and founds the Mughal empire
VIII. The Golden Age of Akbar
G. Akbar’s liberal policies promote religious and social harmony.
H. Architecture, the arts, and literature flower under Akbar’s reign.
IX. Akbar’s Successors
A. Akbar’s liberal policies promote religious and social harmony.
B. Jahangir’s queen, Nur Jahan, actually rules the Mughal Empire.
C. Shah Jahan leaves a legacy of beautiful buildings, such as the Taj Mahal.
D. Aurangzeb expands the empire but alienates his subjects.
E. Poverty, corruption, and internal wars lead to the decline of the Mughal Empire.
X. The Empire’s Decline and Decay
A. The Mughal Empire breaks apart after Aurangzeb’s death.
B. The region attracts European empire builders.
Part 1: Europeans Explore the East
XI. Many Factors Encourage Exploration
G. Profit is the main motive for European exploration in the 1400s.
H. Europeans hope to spread Christianity to other lands.
I. Technological advances make long distance voyages possible.
XII. Portugal Leads the Way
I. Prince Henry pushes fir voyages of exploration.
J. Portuguese sailors establish a direct route to Asia.
K. Columbus’s voyage west across the Atlantic intensifies the rivalry between Spain and Portugal.
XIII. Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean
D. Portugal builds a trading empire that reaches the East Indies.
E. Other nations compete with Portugal for Indian Ocean trade.
F. The Dutch East India Company becomes dominant in the region.
Part 2: China Rejects European Outreach
XIV. The Ming Dynasty
J. The early Ming emperors stabilize China and help it prosper.
K. The voyages of Zheng He expand China’s power.
L. China officially limits trade with foreign merchants.
M. Europeans help increase Chinese manufacturing and commerce and introduce Christianity.
XV. The Qing Dynasty
L. The manchus bring security and prosperity back to China.
M. Severe restrictions on foreign trade limit Europeans access to China’s goods.
N. Korea maintains its strong political ties with China but experiences social changes.
XVI. Daily Life in Ming and Qing China
G. China remains largely a country of farmers.
H. Women have important family responsibilities but suffer by being treated as socially inferior.
I. The Chinese enjoy traditional cultural pursuits.
Part 3: Japan Limits Western Contacts
XVII. Strong leaders take control
N. The Warring States period leaves Japan in chaos.
O. Oda Nobunaga takes control by defeating rival daimyo.
P. Tokugawa Ieyasu finally unifies Japan and assumes the title of Shogun.
XVIII. Tokugawa Society and Culture
O. By the mid-1700s, Japan begins to shift from a rural to an urban society.
P. New styles of drama, art, and literature arise in the cities to challenge the traditional culture.
XIX. Contact between Europe and Japan
J. The Japanese, at first, welcome Portuguese merchants who bring European technology.
K. Shoguns react to success of Christian missionaries by repressing and later banning Christianity.
L. A closed country policy keeps Europeans out of Japan for the next 200 years.
Part 1: Spanish Conquests in the Americas
XX. Columbus’s Voyage Paves the Way
Q. Columbus lands on San Salvador and claims it for Spain.
R. Explorer Pedro Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal.
S. Ferdinand Magellan is the first to sail around the globe.
XXI. Spain Builds an American Empire
Q. Cortes explorers Mexico and conquers the Aztec Empire.
R. Pizarro explores Peru and conquers the Inca Empire.
S. Disease and slavery decimate the native populations of Central and South America.
XXII. Spain Expands its Influence
M. The Spanish advance into North America.
N. Spanish missionaries follow the soldiers and establish Catholic missions.
O. Native American peoples resist Spanish colonization in a variety of ways.
Part 2: Competing Claims in North America
XXIII. European Nations Settle North America
T. The French colonize the St. Lawrence and Mississippi river valleys and begin fur trade.
U. The English settle at Jamestown and seek religious freedom.
V. The Dutch encourage a diverse population in New Netherland.
XXIV. The Fight for North America
T. The English drive the Dutch from New Netherland and rename the colony New York.
U. The Seven Years’ War in Europe spills over into conflicts between French and English colonists in North America.
V. The English defeat the French and rule eastern North America.
XXV. Native American Reaction
P. French and Dutch fur traders cooperate at first with help from the Native Americans.
Q. English colonization sparks conflict with Native Americans over land and religion.
R. Metacom engages the English in King Philip’s war and is defeated.
S. European diseases decimate the Native American populations.
Part 3: The Atlantic Slave Trade
XXVI. The Evolution of African Slavery
W. The Europeans join the developing African slave trade.
X. Spain and Portugal import slaves to the Americas, followed by Holland, France, and England.
Y. Although many Africans profit from the slave trade, some rulers oppose it.
XXVII. A Forced Journey
W. African slaves become part of a triangular trade involving Europe, Americas, and Africa.
X. Millions of slaves endure the middle Atlantic passage.
Y. Over 1/5 die during the passage.
XXVIII. Slavery in the Americas
T. Upon reaching the Americas, Africans are sold for work in mines or on plantations.
U. Slaves resist slavery through sabotage, uprisings, escape, and preserving their cultural heritage.
XXIX. Consequences of the Atlantic Slave Trade
A. African families are torn apart and African culture loses generations of members.
B. Through the skills and labor of African slaves, the economy of the Americas prospers.
C. Today’s populations of the Americas are multicultural.
Part 4: The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
XXX. The Columbian Exchange
A. Colonization of the Americas sets up a global exchange.
XXXI. A Commercial Revolution
A.Colonial trade promotes an economic revolution in Europe.
B. Joint-stock companies invest in overseas colonies.
C. Mercantilism demands a favorable balance of trade.
D. The Commercial Revolution promotes city growth and gives rise to a middle class.
***********************************************
Chapter 21 – Absolute Monarchs in Europe
Part 1: Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism
I. Spain’s powerful empire
A. In 1556 Philip II becomes king of Spain, the wealthiest, most powerful nation in Europe.
B. Philip defends Roman Catholicism against Protestantism and Islam.
C. Spanish riches help stimulate a golden age in the arts
II. Problems Weaken the Spanish Empire
A. Inflation and an unequal tax structure unbalance the Spanish economy.
B. Spain spends much of its money overseas, further harming the economy.
C. The Dutch revolt and break away from Spain to form a new nation.
III. The Independent Dutch Prosper
A. Religious toleration is practiced in the Dutch republic.
B. Dutch traders make the Netherlands a center of European trade and banking.
C. Dutch art flourishes in a climate of prosperity.
IV. Absolutism in Europe
A. Absolute monarchs try to ensure that all power stays in their hands.
B. They believe that God gives them the right to rule.
C. Both the centralization of state authority and crises in Europe fuel growth of absolute rule.
Part 2: France’s Ultimate Monarch
V. Religious Wars Create a Crisis
D. In the late 1500s, French Protestants and Catholics fight eight civil wars.
E. King Henry IV tries to end the conflict by guaranteeing religious tolerance.
F. After Henry’s death, Cardinal Richelieu becomes powerful.
G. French thinkers embrace skepticism as a world view.
VI. Louis XIV Rules Absolutely
D. Cardinal Mazarin rules France during Louis XIV’s childhood.
E. Mazarin raises taxes and strengthens the central government, despite noblility-led riots.
F. After Mazarin’s death, Louis XIV rules independently, becoming the most powerful king in the history of France.
G. Louis’s finance minister, Jean Baptiste Colbert, tries to make France economically self-sufficient.
VII. Louis’ Grand Style
D. Louis XIV surrounds himself with luxury.
E. He brings nobles to his court and makes them wait on him.
F. He builds a lavish palace at Versailles and becomes a great patron of the arts.
G. The Palace of Versailles…
VIII. Louis Fights Disastrous Wars
A. Louis XIV builds up a huge army and wages war to exapand French territory and influence.
B. Other European nations join forces to equal France’s power.
C. France gains but eventually weakens from constant war.
Louis’s finance minister, Jean Baptiste Colbert, tries to make France economically self-sufficient.
Part 3: Central European Monarchs Clash
IX. The Thirty Years’ War
H. In 1618 Protestant and Catholic states in Germany go to war.
I. The Thirty Years’ War causes great destruction.
J. The Peace of Westphalia ends the war in 1648, with major effects on Central European states and their allies.
X. Central Europe Differs from the West
H. The formation of states in central Europe occurs more slowly than in western Europe.
I. Central European nobles hold down serfs and block the development of strong kings.
J. The Holy Roman Empire loses strength after the Thirty Years’ War, but Austria remains a powerful force in Europe.
XI. Prussian and Austria Clash
H. Under Hohenzollern rule, Prussia challenges Austrian power in central Europe.
I. Prussian rulers Frederick William and Frederick the Great forge a military state that limits the power of the nobles.
J. In the 1700s, Prussia battles Austria in wars that involve other European powers and produce mixed results.
K. The War of Austrian Succession
L. The Seven Years’ War
Part 4: Russian Czars Increase Power
XII. From Ivan to the Romanovs
K. A series of Russian Czars, including Ivan the Terrible, tries to strengthen the Russian state and reduce the power of Boyars (or Russian nobles)
L. After an initial “good” period, Ivan creates a ruthless police state.
XIII. Peter takes the throne
K. In 1696 Peter the Great becomes the sole ruler of Russia.
L. Russia is still a land of nobles and serfs, isolated and backward.
M. Peter visits western Europe to study its customs and technology.
XIV. Peter Rules Absolutely
M. Peter decides to westernize Russia so it can compete with western Europe.
N. He places religion under state control, limits nobles’ power, and modernizes the army.
O. He gains territory on the Baltic Sea and builds the warm water seaport St. Petersburg to gain easier access to the West.
Part 5: Parliament Limits the English Monarchy
XV. Monarchs Clash with the Parliament
M. English kings clash with Parliament over money and power.
N. Charles I dissolves Parliament.
XVI. English Civil War
N. Charles I recalls Parliament, but the two sides soon clash.
O. Supporters and opponents of Charles I fight a civil war.
P. The Puritans, led by Oliver Cromwell, win the civil war.
Q. Charles I is executed, and Cromwell rules as dictator.
XVII. Restoration and Revolution
P. After Cromwell’s death, disillusionment with Puritan rule leads to the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II.
Q. James II takes the throne next but is disposed for his pro-Catholic bias and contempt for Parliament.
R. William and Mary take power in the “Glorious Revolution”.
XVIII. Political Changes
A. William and Mary agree to govern with Parliament in a constitutional monarchy.
B. Parliament drafts a Bill of Rights, limiting royal power.
C. The cabinet, set up as a link between Parliament and the monarchy, becomes the center of power.
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Chapter 22 – Enlightenment and Revolution
Part 1: The Scientific Revolution
I. The Roots of Modern Science
A. Medieval scholars have a geocentric view of the universe.
B. Exploration and new discoveries challenge old ideas and lead to the Scientific Revolution.
II. A Revolutionary Model of the Universe
A. Scientists develop the heliocentric theory through observation and mathematics.
B. Galileo’s observations and his laws of motion support the heliocentric theory.
C. Galileo’s ideas conflict with religious teaching and authority, and lead to his arrest.
III. The Scientific Method
A. The scientific method is a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas.
B. Francis Bacon urges scientists to draw conclusions about the world based on their own observations.
C. Rene Descartes believes that everything should be doubted until it can be proved by reason.
IV. Newton Explains the Law of Gravity
A. Newton’s law of gravity explains how the same physical laws govern motion on the earth and in the heavens.
V. The Scientific Revolution Spreads
A. New tools and instruments help scientists make precise observations.
B. The study of human anatomy leads to a greater understanding of the body and disease.
C. The use of the scientific method in chemistry leads to a better understanding of matter.
Part 2: The Enlightenment in Europe
VI. Two Views of Government
C. Hobbes believes that people need a strong government to keep order.
D. Locke believes that people have a natural ability to govern themselves.
VII. The Philosophies Advocate Reason
D. The five important philosophical concepts are reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty.
E. Voltaire fights intolerance through his writing.
F. Montesquieu believes a government’s power should be divided into different branches.
G. Rousseau believes governments should be formed through the agreement of free individuals.
H. Beccaria’s ideas about the justice system promote criminal justice.
VIII. Women and the Enlightenment
D. Women writers argue for more education for women and for women’s equality in marriage.
E. Wealthy women spread Enlightenment ideas through social gatherings.
IX. Impact of the Enlightenment
B. People have confidence that human reason can solve social problems.
C. A more secular outlook emerges as scientific thinking replaces superstition, fear, and intolerance.
The individual becomes important as people use their own ability to reason and judge.
Part 3: The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
X. A World of Ideas
E. Philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, and others gather regularly to discuss new ideas.
F. Diderot creates an encyclopedia.
G. Enlightenment ideas spread to intellectuals and the middle class throughout Europe.
XI. Art and Literature in the Age of Reason
I. The new artistic style is simple and elegant. It borrows ideas from classical Greece and Rome.
J. Haydn, Beethoven, and Mozart are among the greatest music composers from this period.
K. Novels presenting entertaining stories written in everyday English appeal to the middle class.
XII. Enlightenment and Monarchy
F. Frederick II of Prussia announces that his goal is to serve and strengthen his country.
G. In Austria, Joseph II’s radical reforms include freedom of worship and the end of serfdom.
H. Catherine II of Russia makes limited reforms, which she later revokes.
I. Catherine vastly enlarges the Russian Empire and wins a warm-weathered port for her country.
Part 4: American Revolution: The Birth of a Republic
XIII. Britain and It’s American Colonies
H. British tax and trade laws regulate the colonists’ import and export of goods.
XIV. Americans Win Independence
L. England angers the colonists by expecting them to pay the costs of the French and Indian War.
M. Colonists protest England’s harsh taxes and begin to organize for war.
N. Colonial leaders use Enlightenment ideas to justify independence and to write the Declaration of Independence.
O. Americans are victorious because they were motivated to fight, among other reasons.
XV. Americans Create a Republic
J. To protect their authority, the 13 states create a weak national government, which fails.
K. Constitutional Convention delegates create a new system of government based on Enlightenment ideas.
L. The new government system made up of these three separate branches.
M. The Bill of Rights is created to further protect the rights of individual citizens.
******************************************8
Chapter 22 – Enlightenment and Revolution
Part 1: The Scientific Revolution
I. The Roots of Modern Science
A. Medieval scholars have a geocentric view of the universe.
B. Exploration and new discoveries challenge old ideas and lead to the Scientific Revolution.
II. A Revolutionary Model of the Universe
A. Scientists develop the heliocentric theory through observation and mathematics.
B. Galileo’s observations and his laws of motion support the heliocentric theory.
C. Galileo’s ideas conflict with religious teaching and authority, and lead to his arrest.
III. The Scientific Method
A. The scientific method is a logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas.
B. Francis Bacon urges scientists to draw conclusions about the world based on their own observations.
C. Rene Descartes believes that everything should be doubted until it can be proved by reason.
IV. Newton Explains the Law of Gravity
A. Newton’s law of gravity explains how the same physical laws govern motion on the earth and in the heavens.
V. The Scientific Revolution Spreads
A. New tools and instruments help scientists make precise observations.
B. The study of human anatomy leads to a greater understanding of the body and disease.
C. The use of the scientific method in chemistry leads to a better understanding of matter.
Part 2: The Enlightenment in Europe
VI. Two Views of Government
C. Hobbes believes that people need a strong government to keep order.
D. Locke believes that people have a natural ability to govern themselves.
VII. The Philosophies Advocate Reason
D. The five important philosophical concepts are reason, nature, happiness, progress, and liberty.
E. Voltaire fights intolerance through his writing.
F. Montesquieu believes a government’s power should be divided into different branches.
G. Rousseau believes governments should be formed through the agreement of free individuals.
H. Beccaria’s ideas about the justice system promote criminal justice.
VIII. Women and the Enlightenment
D. Women writers argue for more education for women and for women’s equality in marriage.
E. Wealthy women spread Enlightenment ideas through social gatherings.
IX. Impact of the Enlightenment
B. People have confidence that human reason can solve social problems.
C. A more secular outlook emerges as scientific thinking replaces superstition, fear, and intolerance.
The individual becomes important as people use their own ability to reason and judge.
Part 3: The Spread of Enlightenment Ideas
X. A World of Ideas
E. Philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, and others gather regularly to discuss new ideas.
F. Diderot creates an encyclopedia.
G. Enlightenment ideas spread to intellectuals and the middle class throughout Europe.
XI. Art and Literature in the Age of Reason
I. The new artistic style is simple and elegant. It borrows ideas from classical Greece and Rome.
J. Haydn, Beethoven, and Mozart are among the greatest music composers from this period.
K. Novels presenting entertaining stories written in everyday English appeal to the middle class.
XII. Enlightenment and Monarchy
F. Frederick II of Prussia announces that his goal is to serve and strengthen his country.
G. In Austria, Joseph II’s radical reforms include freedom of worship and the end of serfdom.
H. Catherine II of Russia makes limited reforms, which she later revokes.
I. Catherine vastly enlarges the Russian Empire and wins a warm-weathered port for her country.
Part 4: American Revolution: The Birth of a Republic
XIII. Britain and It’s American Colonies
H. British tax and trade laws regulate the colonists’ import and export of goods.
XIV. Americans Win Independence
L. England angers the colonists by expecting them to pay the costs of the French and Indian War.
M. Colonists protest England’s harsh taxes and begin to organize for war.
N. Colonial leaders use Enlightenment ideas to justify independence and to write the Declaration of Independence.
O. Americans are victorious because they were motivated to fight, among other reasons.
XV. Americans Create a Republic
J. To protect their authority, the 13 states create a weak national government, which fails.
K. Constitutional Convention delegates create a new system of government based on Enlightenment ideas.
L. The new government system made up of these three separate branches.
M. The Bill of Rights is created to further protect the rights of individual citizens.
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Chapter 23 – The French Revolution
Part 1: Revolution threatens the French King
I. The Old Regime
A. The clergy of the Roman Catholic Church from the First Estate.
B. The Second Estate consists of rich nobles.
C. The other 98 percent of the people make up the Third Estate.
II. The Force of Change
A. New ideas about the power of the people take hold.
B. Poor harvests, heavy taxes, and government debt causes instability in France.
C. Louis XVI finally calls a meeting of the Estates-General to deal with the crisis.
III. Revolution Dawns
A. Third Estate delegates in the Estates-General demand more rights.
B. In the first deliberate act of revolution, the Third Estate delegates vote to establish the National Assembly.
C. Peasants overthrow the Bastille on July 14, 1789, and the Revolution begins in earnest.
IV. A Great Fear Sweeps France
A. A senseless panic called the Great Fear leads to great destruction in the French countryside.
B. Women angered by the price of bread march on Versailles and compel the royal family to move to Paris.
Part 2: Revolution Brings Reform and Terror
V. The Assembly Reforms France
D. The National Assembly sweeps away the privileges of nobility and clergy.
E. The state takes control of the Church.
F. Louis XVI tries to flee from France.
VI. Conflicting Goals Cause Divisions
D. A new constitution ends the absolute monarchy.
E. The Legislative Assembly is given the power to create laws.
F. Old problems remain, and the government splits into three factions.
VII. War and Extreme Measures
D. Fearing the loss of their own positions, European monarchs support Louis XVI, and France declares war on Austria.
E. Louis XVI is imprisoned after a Parisian mob invades the royal palace.
F. The “September massacres,” in which Parisian mobs murder prisoners, lead the Legislative Assembly to depose the king and set aside the Constitution of 1791.
G. In summer of 1792, mobs are the real rulers of the country.
H. A new legislature votes to execute the king.
I. Many French citizens become soldiers as Austrian forces press toward Paris.
VIII. The Terror Grips France
C. Maximilien Robespierre gains control of the revolutionary government.
D. Robespierre and his supporters try to wipe out every trace of the French nobility.
E. Robespierre institutes the Reign of Terror, a time of thousands of arbitrary executions.
IX. End of Terror
A. The Reign of Terror ends when Robespierre is executed.
B. A third new constitution gives power to the upper middle class, and the government finds a new general – Napoleon Bonaparte – to lead the army.
Part 3: Napoleon Forges an Empire
X. Napoleon Grasps the Power
G. Napoleon wins key battles to save the French republic.
H. Napoleon seizes political control from the Directory.
I. Napoleon’s successes lead to peace in Europe.
XI. Napoleon Rules France
G. Napoleon gains power; voters approve a fourth constitution.
H. Napoleon gives France a stable economy.
I. Napoleon gives France order and stability.
J. Napoleon crowns himself as emperor of France.
XII. Napoleon Creates an Empire
J. Napoleon tries to expand his empire in the Americas but fails in Saint Domingue.
K. The United States buys the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon.
L. Napoleon conquers much of Europe, but his navy is defeated in the Battle of Trafalgar.
Part 4:Napoleon’s Empire Collapses
XIII. Napoleon’s Three Costly Mistakes
J. Napoleon unsuccessfully attempts to cut off trade between Great Britain and other European nations.
K. The Peninsular War in Spain inflames Spanish nationalism and weakens France.
L. The French invasion of Russia fails, with terrible loss of life.
XIV. Napoleon’s Downfall
K. All the other main powers of Europe unite against a weakened Napoleon.
L. Napoleon’s army is defeated, and his enemies march through Paris.
M. Napoleon surrenders and is banished to Elba.
N. Napoleon escapes and briefly regains power until he is defeated by British and Prussian forces at Waterloo.
Part 5: The Congress of Vienna Convenes
XV. Metternich Restores Stability
M. Metternich leads European rulers to restore stability to Europe.
N. France is kept intact and a balance of power is set in Europe.
O. Rulers deposed by napoleon are restored to power.
P. The Congress of Vienna makes fair settlements and produces a lasting peace.
XVI. Political Changes Beyond Vienna
O. The situations in Europe after the Congress of Vienna represents a victory for conservatives.
P. A series of alliances called the Concert if Europe allows nations to help one another in case of internal revolutions.
Q. Latin American colonies revolt against Spanish rule.
R. Nationalism grows, and democratic ideas begin to take hold in European nations.
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Chapter 24 – Nationalist Revolution Sweep the West
Part 1: Latin American Peoples Win Independence
I. Revolution in Haiti
A. Haiti becomes the first black colony to gain independence.
II. Latin America Sweeps to Freedom
A. Society in Latin America is based on class, with a small number of peninsulares holding most of the power, while large numbers of Native Americans are the most oppressed.
B. The well-educated creole class leads the fight for independence in Latin America.
C. Napoleon puts his brother on the Spanish throne, sparking rebellion in Latin America.
III. The Libertadores End Spanish Rule
A. Simon Bolivar wins independence for Venezuela.
B. Jose de San Martin defeats Spanish forces in Chile and then turns his army over to Bolivar.
C. Bolivar defeats the Spanish in Peru, winning freedom for the Spanish colonies in America.
IV. Mexico Ends Spanish Rule
A. First Padre Hidalgo and then Padre Morelos lead a Native American and mestizo rebellion against Spanish rule, but both are captured and executed by the Spanish.
B. When liberals take over the government of Spain, the creole Agustin de Iturbide declares independence from Spain and proclaims himself emperor.
C. When Iturbide is overthrown, Central America declares itself a united province independent from Mexico.
V. Brazil’s Royal Liberator
A. When Napoleon invades Portugal, the royal family escapes to Brazil, where it remains for 14 years.
B. When King John returns to Portugal after Napoleon’s defeat, his son remains in Brazil, declaring Brazil’s independence from Portugal.
Part 2: Revolutions Disrupt Europe
VI. Nationalism Changes Europe
B. Conservatives, liberals, and radicals struggle for power in European nations.
C. Nationalism and the idea of a nation-state begin to emerge.
D. In the Balkans, the spirit of nationalism sparks a revolt against the Ottoman Empire, which results in full independence for Greece.
VII. The Tide of Reform in Western Europe
D. In the 1830’s and again in 1848, revolutions sweep Europe.
E. In 1848 France establishes a republic, but within four years Louis-napoleon becomes emperor.
F. The weakness of Russia’s industrial system is exposed by its defeat in the Crimean War.
G. In 1861, the liberal Czar Alexander II frees the serfs, but his successor tightens czarist control.
Part 3: Nationalism
VIII. The Ideal of Nationalism
E. Nationalists believe in uniting people who share a common history and culture.
IX. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
H. The Austro-Hungarian Empire is weakened by various nationalist groups and finally dismantled at the end of World War I.
I. The Russian czar’s attempts to unify diverse cultures fail, and the empire finally collapses with the Bolshevik Revolution.
J. Despite efforts at reform, the Ottoman Empire collapses at the end of World War I.
X. Cavour Unites Italy
D. Mazzini attempts to unite Italy and free it from foreign rulers.
E. Sardinia’s prime minister, Cavour, wins most of northern Italy from the Austrians.
F. Cavour arranges to unite Italy under the Sardinian king.
G. Following unification, Italy suffers sever political and economic problems.
XI. The Rise of Prussia
D. King William I of Prussia appoints Bismarck as prime minister.
E. Bismarck goes to war to win two provinces from Denmark.
F. The Prussians defeat the Austrians and gain control of a North German Confederation.
G. Prussia defeats France, making Prussia the dominant force in Europe.
Part 4: Revolutions in the Arts
XII. The Romantic Movement
F. Romanticism includes a number of key elements.
G. Some romantic writers emphasize emotion, love of nature, history, and individualism, while others focus on the mysterious, the exotic, and the horrifying.
H. Romantic composers, the greatest of whom is Beethoven, flourish in the 19th century.
XIII. The Shift to Realism
K. With industrialization and a new interest in the scientific method, a realistic approach to art and literature emerges.
L. Photography, first invented by Daguerre, becomes the art of the new industrial age.
M. French and English realistic writers expose the misery of the working poor.
Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm- German fairy tales
(“Cinderella”, “Hansel and Gretel”, “Little Red Riding Hood”)
Emily Bronte- Wuthering Heights
Sir Walter Scott- Ivanhoe (about Richard the Lion-Hearted)
Edgar Allan Poe- “The Raven”, “The Fall of the House of Usher”
James Fenimore Cooper- The Last of the Mohicans
Percy Shelley- “Queen Mab”
Mary Shelley- Frankenstein
Lord Byron- Hundreds of Romantic Poems, “The Prisoner of Chillon”
William Blake- “World in a Grain of Sand/And Heaven in a Wild Flower”
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe- “Mestophocles”, “The Sorrows of Young Wurther”
Victor Hugo- The Hunchback of Notre Dame
Samuel Taylor Coleridge- “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”, “Kubla Khan”
William Wordsworth- “The Road Less Traveled”, “The Tables Turned”
John Constable- Landscapes
Joseph Turner- Seascapes
Ludwig van Beethoven- 9th Symphony
Frederick Chopin- Polish- Piano Music
Franz List- Hungary- Piano Music, Hungarian Rhapsodies
Peter Tchaikovsky- The Nutcracker
Johannes Brahms- German- symphonies
Giuseppe Verdi- Italian- Operas
Richard Wagner- German- Operas
Charles Dickens- Oliver Twist, Great Expectations, David Copperfield, A Christmas Carol
Honore Balzac- The Human Comedy. (Life stories of over 2000 characters in French society)
Impressionist Painters
Edouard Manet
Claude Monet
Edgar Degas
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
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Chapter 25 – The Industrial Revolution
Part 1: The Beginning of Industrialization
I. The Industrial Revolution Begins
A. Improvements in farming methods in the 1700’s boost crop yields.
B. Many small farmers lose their land, move to the city, and become urban workers.
C. Britain possesses ideal conditions for the growth of industry.
II. Inventions Spur Technological Advances
A. Key inventions revolutionize industry during the 1700’s and 1800’s.
B. The textile industry is the first to benefit, with the invention of machines to produce cotton cloth.
C. Transportation expands with the invention of the steam engine and the construction of canals, roads, and railroads.
Part 2: Industrialization
III. Industrialization Changes Ways of Life
D. Industrialization leads to economic growth and urbanization.
E. Industry generates wealth for some but hardships for others.
F. As divisions between rich and poor grow, class tensions escalate.
IV. The Mills of Manchester
D. Manchester becomes an example of the new industrial city.
E. Textile factories produce great wealth for mill owners.
F. Workers and the environment suffer the effects of industrialization.
Part 3: Industrialization Spreads
V. Industrial Development in the United States
G. Like Britain, the United States encourages industrial growth.
H. British machinery spawns an American textile industry.
I. Railroads help American industry expand rapidly.
VI. Industrialization Reaches Continental Europe
G. At first, war and unrest in Europe delay the growth of industry.
H. Belgium is the first country in Europe to industrialize, followed by Germany.
I. Other parts of Europe begin to develop industry in the mid-1800’s, though progress is slow in some areas.
Part 4: An Age of Reforms
VII. The Philosophers of Industrialization
J. Laissez-faire thinkers oppose government regulation.
K. Some economists argue that natural law governs economic life.
VIII. Rise of Socialism
J. Some thinkers oppose laissez-faire policies and favor government efforts to improve people’s lives.
K. Utilitarian thinkers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill argue that government should promote the general welfare.
L. Socialists and Marxists propose state controls to achieve social and economic equality.
IX. Unionization and Legislative Reform
A. Workers organize unions to raise wages and improve conditions.
B. Unions eventually become established and legal.
C. Reform laws are passed in Britain and thee United States to limit child labor and set work hours.
X. Other Reform Movements
A. Industrialization spurs the growth of various reform movements.
B. The abolition movement helps to end slavery by the late 1800s.
C. Women fight for their rights, while education and prison reform make strides.
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Chapter 26 – The Age of Democracy and Progress
Part 1: Democratic Reform and Activism
I. Britain adopts Democratic Reforms
A. Parliament extends voting rights to the British middle class.
B. Further reform bills extend voting rights to most adult males citizens.
C. During Queen Victoria’s reign, the monarchy becomes largely ceremonial.
II. Women Demand the Vote
A. Activist women agitate for the right to vote.
B. Gradually women use more drastic political tactics to obtain their goals.
III. Democracy in France
A. Out of the suppression of the Paris Commune emerges France’s Third Republic.
B. The Dreyfus Affair divides France and reveals French anti-Semitism.
C. European persecution of Jews leads to the Zionist movement.
Part 2: Self-Rule for British Colonies
IV. Canada Struggles for Self-Rule
A. Conflict between French and English settlers leads to a partition of Canada.
B. The Dominion of Canada is formed, and Canada expands to the Pacific.
V. Australia and New Zealand
A. Captain Cook claims Australia and New Zealand.
B. Britain uses Australia as a penal colony. Ex-convicts and free settlers develop a sheep-herding colony.
C. Britain annexes New Zealand and defeats the rebellious Maori.
D. Australia and New Zealand become democratic dominions of the British Empire.
VI. The Irish Fight for Home Rule
A. Irish Catholics struggle against British rule and Protestants.
B. The great famine spurs Irish emigration.
C. Ireland divides into a southern state and northern province.
Part 3: Expansion and Crisis in the United States
VII. Americans Move Westward
A. The United States acquires more territory from Mexico.
B. Manifest destiny justifies westward expansion.
VIII. Civil War Tests Democracy
A. A civil war pits industrial North against agricultural South.
B. The Emancipation Proclamation bans slavery in the Confederate states.
C. After the Civil War, Southern state laws limit freedom and opportunity for African Americans.
IX. Postwar Economic Expansion
A. After the Civil War, an economic boom is fueled by immigration, railroads, and the opening of the West.
Part 4 Nineteenth-Century Progress
X. Inventions Change Ways of Life
A. Inventions in electronics, communication technology, manufacturing methods, and aircraft usher in a new industrial age.
XI. The Rise of Mass Culture
A. Greater leisure time and new technologies make mass culture possible.
B. Music halls and vaudeville provide popular entertainment.
C. The movie camera launches a new industry.
D. Spectator sports attract mass audiences.
XII. New Ideas in Medicine and Science
A. The germ theory of diseases helps scientists conquer many infectious diseases.
B. Darwin’s theory of evolution suggests that life is constantly evolving.
C. Mendel’s theory of genetics explains the mechanism of evolution.
D. Chemists and physicists explore the hidden structure of the physical universe.
XIII. The Social Scientists
A. Global cultural interactions stimulate the creation of new social sciences, such as psychology.
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Chapter 27 – The Age of Imperialism
Part 1: Imperialists Divide Africa
I. Africa before Imperialism
A. Many ethnic groups but few Europeans rule in Africa
II. Nations Compete for Overseas Empires
A. Europeans learn about Africa from explores.
B. Henry Stanley claims the Congo River Valley for Belgium.
C. Greed, nationalism, racism, and philanthropy motivate European colonialism.
D. Superior arms, the steam engine, medicines, and African rivalries help Europeans dominate Africa.
III. African Lands Become European Colonies
A. The Berlin Conference divides Africa among European nations.
B. The division fails to take into account African ethnic and linguistic groupings.
C. Europeans take advantage of Africa’s vast natural recourses.
IV. Three Groups Clash Over South Africa
A. The Zulus are eventually absorbed by the British.
B. The Boers trek north to escape British domination.
C. Boers are defeated and join the Union of South Africa.
Part 2: Imperialism
V. Colonial Control Takes Many Forms
A. Europeans use four methods to control their colonies.
VI. Patterns of Imperialist Management
A. Britain and the United States use indirect control, while the French follow a policy of association.
VII. African Resistance
D. Africans resist colonial rule, despite lack of adequate organization and weapons.
E. Ethiopia successfully resists European dominance.
VIII. Impact of Colonial Rule
D. Colonialism has both positive and negative effects on African lands and peoples.
E. Artificial boundaries plague Africa for years to come.
Part 3: Muslim Lands Fall To Imperialist Demands
IX. Ottoman Empire Loses Power
B. The great Suleiman I is succeeded by a series of weak rulers.
C. Aselim III’s reforms give rise to nationalist feelings.
D. Europeans seize the opportunity to divide the empire.
X. Europeans Grab Territory
E. The Ottomans control access to the Atlantic and Mediterranean sea trade.
F. The Ottomans, British, and French defeat the Russians in the Crimean War.
G. Egypt loses control of the Suez Canal to Britain.
H. Although Persia attempts to modernize, Russia and Britain take control.
Part 4: British Imperialism in India
XI. British Expand Control Over India
E. The East India Company seizes control over most of India.
F. Britain considers India its primary colony.
G. India benefits and suffers under British colonial rule.
XII. Indians Rebel
I. Indians object to the racist attitudes of the British rulers.
J. The Sepoy mutiny turns into widespread rebellion.
K. The British government takes direct control of India.
XIII. Indian Nationalist Movements Begin
A. Indians begin to demand a greater role in government.
B. Ram Mohun Roy speaks out against social injustices.
C. Nationalists form the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League.
D. A public outcry forces Britain to redraw its partition of Bengal.
Part 5: Western Powers Rule Southeast Asia
XIV. Western Rivalries for Pacific Rim Lands
H. European powers race to claim a part of Southeast Asia for themselves.
I. The Dutch East India Company, which controls Indonesia, creates a rigid social hierarchy.
J. The British encourage large-scale immigration of the Chinese to Malaysia.
K. The French try to impose their culture on their colonies.
XV. Siam Maintains Independence
L. Siam remains independent by becoming a neutral zone between France and Britain.
M. Siam escapes the effects of colonization by modernizing itself.
XVI. U.S. Acquires Pacific Islands
E. Americans disagree about colonizing other countries, but economic interests spur U.S. imperialism.
F. The United States defeats Spain and Filipino nationalists to acquire the Philippine Islands but promises early self-rule.
G. U.S. businesses promote cash crops over food crops in the Philippines and Hawaii.
H. U.S. companies overthrow the Hawaiian queen and establish a republic, which is annexed to the United States.
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Chapter 28 – Transformations around the Globe
Part 1: China Responds to Pressure from the West
I. Africa before Imperialism
A. China has little interest in trading with Western nations.
B. The British import large amounts of tea from China and smuggle opium into the country.
C. War breaks out when the British refuse to stop trading opium.
II. Internal Problems Increase
A. Poverty and political corruption create problems for China in the mid-1800’s.
B. The 14-year Taiping Rebellion expresses the Chinese people’s discontent with the Qing government.
III. China Wrestles with Reform
A. The Chinese government resists modernization, but the self-strengthening movement produces some changes.
B. Western nations and Japan gain spheres of influence in China.
C. The United States promotes the Open Door Policy to assure trading rights for all nations to protect China from colonization.
IV. Chinese Nationalism Grows
A. Dowager Empress Cixi and others prevent changes to China’s traditional government.
B. Chinese frustration with the government and foreigner privilege erupt into the Boxer Rebellion.
C. After the defeat of the Boxers, the Qing Dynasty begins to work toward reform.
Part 2: Japan Modernizes
V. Japan Ends Its Isolation
A. Japan opens its ports to trade in 1854.
B. The Japanese modernize quickly.
VI. Japanese Imperialism Grows
A. Japan strengthens its military and begins building an empire.
B. It defeats China in the Sino-Japanese War, gaining its first colonies.
C. Japan wins the Russo-Japanese War and gains control of Korea.
D. Japan occupies Korea, dealing harshly with the Koreans.
Part 3: U.S. Economic Imperialism in Latin America
VII. Latin America After Independence
A. After independence, most Latin Americans remain poverty-stricken.
B. Political power in Latin America is restricted to the rich, who support military dictators called caudillos.
VIII. Economies Grow Under Foreign Influence
A. Latin America focuses on trade.
B. Latin American countries’ reliance on exports keeps them in debt.
IX. The United States and Latin America
A. The United States issues the Monroe Doctrine to prevent recolonization of Latin America.
B. The United States joins Cuba’s fight for independence from Spain.
C. The United States builds the Panama Canal.
D. The Roosevelt Corollary gives the United States the right to police Latin American nations.
Part 4: The Mexican Revolution
X. Santa Anna and the Mexican War
A. Santa Anna dominates Mexican political life between 1833-1855.
B. The United States gains vast Western territories from Mexico.
XI. Juarez and La Reforma
A. Benito Juarez leads a reform movement in Mexico.
B. During Juarez’s rule, Mexico undergoes civil war and invasion from France.
C. After the French with draw, Juarez institutes many reforms.
XII. Porfirio Diaz and ‘Order and Progress”
A. After Benito Juarez’s death, Porifrio Diaz comes to power and rules for 31 years.
B. Diaz stabilizes the country’s economy, but most Mexicans continue to live in poverty.
XIII. Revolution and Civil War
A. By 1910, many Mexican people want reform.
B. Liberal leader Francisco Madero leads a revolution.
C. Francisco “Pancho” Vlla and Emiliano Zapata support the revolution with their armies.
D. A progressive Mexican constitution is adopted in 1917 and put into effect in 1920.
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Chapter 29 – The Great War
Part 1: The Stage Is Set for War
I. An Uneasy Peace Grips Europe
A. Nationalism unifies countries in Europe but also leads to commercial and territorial rivalries.
B. Competition among European nations over colonial holdings in Asia and Africa fuels rivalry.
C. The arms race leads to a concentration on large armies and the ability to mobilize quickly for war.
II. Tangled Alliances
A. Bismarck’s wish to isolate France leads to the Triple Alliance and a separate pact with Russia.
B. Wilhelm lets Germany’ treaty with Russia lapse and Russia forms an alliance with France.
C. Britain allies itself with France and Russia to form the Triple Alliance.
III. Crisis in the Balkans
A. Serbian nationalism forces wedges between Russia and Austria-Hungary.
B. A Serbian nationalist assassinates the Austro-Hungarian archduke and duchess in Sarajevo.
C. Austria issues an ultimatum to Serbia, rejects Serbia’s offer to negotiate, and declares war.
Part 2: War Consumes Europe
IV. The Alliance System Collapses
A. A complex system of alliances and special interests draws continental Europe into war.
B. European nations and divided into Central Powers and Allies.
V. A Bloody Stalemate Along the Western Front
A. The Allied victory at the Marne breaks the back of the Schlieffen Plan.
B. Trench warfare and the failure to capture new ground make life on the western Front an ongoing horror.
C. Despite major battles and horrific casualties, neither side advances.
VI. The Battle on the eastern Front
A. While Germany gains the upper hand over Russian troops, the Austrian army pushes Russia out of Austria-Hungary.
B. Without modern technology, the Russian army hangs on through the sheer strength of its numbers.
Part 3: War Affects the World
VII. A Truly Global Conflict
A. The Allies expand the war, suffering grievous losses.
B. Germany’s attacks on passenger ships and a German plot bring the U.S. into the conflict.
VIII. War Affects the Home Front
A. World War I becomes a total war, and governments take control of national economies.
B. In the U.S. and Europe, citizens undergo rationing of goods.
C. With millions of men at the front, many women go to work in factories and elsewhere.
IX. The Allies Win the War
A. With Russia’s withdrawal, Germany achieves victory on the Eastern Front.
B. Though Germany’s eastern troops head west, fresh American troops give the Allies an edge to win the second Battle of the Marne.
C. The Kaiser abdicates, and Germany and the Allies sign an armistice, ending the war on November 11.
Part 4: A Flawed Peace
X. The Allies Meet at Versailles
A. The Treaty at Versailles punishes Germany and makes new nations.
B. A League of Nations is created but given little power.
XI. The Legacy of War
A. The war leaves 8.5 million soldiers dead and 21 million wounded, as well as millions of civilians dead and wounded.
B. The war costs $338 billion, destroys land and towns id Europe and Russia, and causes disillusionment in society.
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Chapter 30 – Revolutions and Nationalism
Part 1: Revolutions in Russia
I. Alexander III upholds the Autocracy
A. Alexander III rejects reform.
B. Alexander oppresses minorities.
II. Nicholas II Resists Change
A. Nicholas II vows to maintain autocratic rule.
B. The rapid buildup of Russian industry helps the country prosper.
C. Worker exploitation spurs the growth of revolutionary movements.
III. Crises at Home and Abroad
A. Russia’s defeat in the Russo-Japanese War sparks unrest.
B. Russia’s first parliament is formed after the Revolution of 1905.
C. Russia faces defeats and food shortages during World War I.
IV. The March Revolution
A. General uprisings force the abdication of Nicholas II.
B. A weak provisional government replaces czarist regime.
C. The Germans arrange Lenin’s return to Russia in 1917.
V. The Bolshevik Revolution
A. The Bolsheviks overthrow the provisional government, sparking a civil war.
VI. Lenin Restores Order
A. Lenin launches the New Economic Policy to help revive the faltering Russian economy.
B. In 1922, Russia is renamed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
C. The Bolsheviks rename their party the Communist Party.
Part 2: Totalitarianism
VII. Stalin becomes Dictator
A.Stalin wants to succeed Lenin.
B. Stalin ruthlessly climbs to the head of the Soviet government.
VIII. Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State
A.Stalin transforms the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state.
B.Totalitarian governments take control over all aspects of life.
C.Several totalitarian states emerge during the 20th century.
IX. Stalin Seizes Control of the Economy
A. Stalin launches Five-Year Plans and ushers in an agricultural revolution.
X. Weapons of Totalitarianism
A. Stalin uses police terror to eliminate his enemies.
B. Stalin’s totalitarian regime relies on indoctrination and propaganda to mold people’s minds.
C. Soviet art and the mass media are subject to censorship.
D. The Russian Orthodox Church and other faiths ate persecuted.
XI. Daily Life Under Stalin
A. Soviet women contribute to the prosperity of Stalin’s state-controlled economy but also make great sacrifices.
B. Soviet state-controlled education indoctrinates citizens and offers them technical training and opportunities for a better life.
Part 3: Collapse of Chinese Imperial Rule
XII. Nationalists Overthrow Qing Dynasty
A. Nationalists establish the new Republic of China.
B. Sun fails to secure national unity.
C. Under the Treat of Versailles, the Allies give Japan territories previously held by Germany.
D. The Treaty of Versailles triggers nationwide protests.
XIII. The Communist Party in China
A.Western democracies’ refusal to aid Sun Yixian prompts him to seek the Soviet Union’s support.
B. Kuomintang leader Jiang Jieshi turns against the Chinese Communists and becomes president of the Nationalist Republic of China in 1928.
C. Peasants throw their support to the Chinese Communists led by Mao Zedong.
XIV. Civil War Rages in China
A. Jiang’s army surrounds the Communists’ stronghold. Forcing them to flee.
B. Fleeing Communist forces make a 6,000-mile-long journey called the Long March.
C. Japan’s invasion of Manchuria in 1931 and of China in 1937 forces both nationalists and Communists to fight the Japanese.
Part 4: Nationalism in India and Southwest Asia
XV. Indian Nationalism Grows
A. After World War I, Indian nationalists defy British rule.
B. In 1919, British troops fire on Hindu and Muslim protesters meeting in the city of Amritsar.
XVI. Gandhi’s Principles of Nonviolence
A. Gandhi develops nonviolent tactics to battle injustice.
B. Gandhi’s successful campaign of civil disobedience weakens the British government’s authority and economic power.
C. Gandhi gains worldwide support for his independence movement following the Salt March in 1930.
XVII. Great Britain Grants India Self-Rule
A. In 1935, India gains the right to establish local self-government and to hold limited democratic elections.
B. As India moves toward complete independence, tensions mount between Muslims and Hindus.
XVIII. Nationalism Spreads to Southwest Asia
A. Mustafa Kemal leads Turkish nationalists in overthrowing the last Ottoman sultan and helps establish a new republic.
B. After a nationalist revolt in Persia, Reza Shah seizes power and in 1935 renames the country Iran.
C. Ibn Saud unifies Arabia and in 1932 renames the new kingdom Saudi Arabia.
D. High demands for oil transforms the economy of Southwest Asia.
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Chapter 31 – Years of Crisis
Part 1: An Age of Uncertainty
I. Science Challenges New Ideas
A. Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud are two important thinkers of the 20th century.
B. Einstein’s theory of relativity overturns accepted laws of motion and gravity.
C. Freud’s theories about human behavior weaken faith in reason.
II. Literature in an Age of Doubt
A. Disillusionment over the brutality of World War I causes such writers and thinkers as T.S. Eliot and Jean Paul Sartre to question traditional religious beliefs.
B. Freud’s theories on the unconscious influence of James Joyce and others.
III. Rebellion in the Arts
A. Artists rebel against earlier realism and move in such new directions as Dadaism and surrealism.
B. Architects reject tradition for completely new styles, such as functionalism.
C. New musical forms, such as jazz, develop into moth classical and popular music.
IV. Society Becomes More Open
A. In the 1920’s, young people are willing to break with the past and experiment with different values.
B. Women take on new roles.
V. Technology Changes Life
A. After world war I ends, the war’s technological advances are used to improve transportation and communication.
B. The automobile affects were people live and work and increase leisure travel.
C. International air travel increases.
D. Radio and Movies provide new outlets for entertainment.
Part 2: A Global Depression
VI. Europe After the War
D. The new European democracies formed after the war are weak.
E. Frequent changes in government make it hard for democracies to develop strong leadership.
F. Many Germans blame the democratic Weimar government for their county’s problems.
G. Dawes plan helps Germany curb inflation and builds its economy.
H. The Kellogg-Briand peace pact raises hopes for world peace.
VII. The Great Depression
C. In the late 1920’s, the U.S. economy has serious weaknesses.
D. In October 1929, the U.S. stock market crashes and leads to a severe business slump.
E. The Great Depression causes business failures and bank closures.
F. The collapse of the U.S. economy leads to a global depression.
VIII. The World responds to the Crisis
D. The Great Depression challenges democratic political systems in Europe and the United States.
E. Britain forms a coalition National Government that preserves democracy.
F. In France, the Depression contributes to political instability, but democracy is preserved.
G. In Scandinavia, Socialist governments build successful recovery programs based on cooperative community action.
H. Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal reform program starts an economic recovery in the U.S.
Part 3: Fascism Rises in Europe
IX. Fascist Belies and Policies
I. Fascism is a political movement that stresses extreme loyalty to the state and its leaders.
J. Support of Fascists comes from aristocrats, industrialists, veterans, and the lower middle class.
X. Mussolini Comes to Power in Italy
G. In Italy, fascism gains followers because of disappointment over the 1919 Paris Peace conference, inflation, and unemployment.
H. Benito Mussolini gains supporters because he is seen as a strong leader.
I. In October 1922, after Fascists march on Rome, Mussolini takes charge of Italy’s government.
XI. Hitler Takes Control In Germany
I. The German brand of fascism is called Nazism.
J. Adolf Hitler’s skills as an organizer and speaker help him become head of the Nazi party.
K. Hitler’s book, Mein Kampf, sets forth his anti-Semitic beliefs and his plans for conquest.
L. Germany’s economic problems and fear of the Communist party help Hitler take power legally.
M. Hitler uses his power to turn Germany into a totalitarian state.
Part 4: Aggressors on the March
XII. World Drifts Toward War
K. In the 1930’s, military leaders take control of Japan, seize Manchuria, and invade China.
L. Mussolini invades Ethiopia.
M. Hitler rebuilds armed forces and moves troops into Rhineland.
N. Germany, Italy, and Japan become allies as the Axis Powers.
O. Civil War in Spain leads to a Fascist dictatorship.
XIII. Western Democracies Fail to Halt Aggression
A. In the 1930’s, the United States follows an isolationist foreign policy in an effort to keep out of war.
B. Germany annexes Austria and takes the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.
C. Following a policy of appeasement, France and Britain let Hitler have Sudetenland.
D. Appeasement policy convinces Hitler that Britain and France will not stop his seizure of Czechoslovakia.
E. Germany and the Soviet Union sign a non-aggression pact.
XIV. Other Countries fall to Dictators.
A. In Hungary and Poland, new democratic governments formed after World War I fall to dictators.
B. In Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria, and Romania, kings suspended constitutions and turn to strong-man rule.
C. By 1935, Czechoslovakia is the only democracy in eastern Europe.
D. Eastern Europeans turn to dictatorship because they see authoritarian rule as the only way to prevent instability.
**************************************
Chapter 32 – World War II
Part 1: Hitler’s Lightning War
I. Germany Sparks a New war in Europe
A. Germany attacks Poland; Britain and France declare war.
B. The Soviet Union invades Poland, the Baltic states, and Finland.
C. Hitler invades and conquers Denmark and Norway.
II. The Battle for France and Great Britain
A. Sweeping around the Maginot Line, German forces strike into France, pushing allied troops to the sea.
B. Italy enters the war on the German side as France collapses and surrenders.
C. Despite devastating German air raids, Britain flights on alone. Its resistance forces Hitler to call of the attacks.
III. The Eastern Fronts and the Mediterranean
A. German forces gain victories in North Africa.
B. In preparation for the attack on the Soviet Union, Hitler invades and secures the Balkans.
C. Sweeping into the Soviet Union, German forces become bogged down near Moscow.
IV. The United States Aids Its Allies
A. The United States gives aid to Britain through the Lend-Lease Act of 1941.
B. Roosevelt and Churchill issue the Atlantic Charter declaring free trade among nations and the right of people to choose their own governments.
C. The United States draws closer to war when a German submarine attacks a U.S. destroyer.
Part 2: Japan Strikes in the Pacific
V. Japan Seeks a Pacific Empire
A. Japan attacks Pearl Harbor; the United States declares war.
B. Victories in the Pacific and Asia give Japan a vast empire.
VI. The Allies Strike Back
A. Allied bombing of Tokyo shows the Japanese are vulnerable.
B. The Allies win significant naval battles by striking with planes from aircraft carriers.
C. The Allied strategy of island hopping brings them closer to Japan.
Part 3: The Holocaust
VII. The Holocaust Begins
A. Nazi Germany embarks on a policy of persecution of Jews and others deemed inferior.
B. Nazis force thousands of Jews to emigrate.
C. Nazis isolate Jews in conquered territories by forcing them into ghettos.
D. Nazis begin the final step in their program of genocide.
VIII. Hitler’s “Final Solution”
A. The Nazis unleash killing squads and ship Jews and others to concentration camps.
B. The “Final Solution” results in the death of six million Jews.
Part 4: The Allies are Victorious
IX. World Drifts Toward War
A. With the US in the war, the Allies open a second front.
X. The Tide Turns on Two Fronts
A. The Allied invasion of North Africa smashes Rommel’s forces.
B. The Soviets defeat Germans at Stalingrad and push the German army at Stalingrad and push the German army westward.
C. The Allies attack in southern Europe and push through Italy.
.
XI. Life on Allies Home Fronts
A. Civilians mobilize on the home front to support the war effort.
B. In the United States, fear of the Japanese results in the internment of thousands of Japanese Americans.
XII. Allied Victory in Europe
A. Allies invade Normandy (D-day) and push on toward Germany.
B. As Soviet forces invade from the East, Hitler commits suicide and Germany surrenders.
XIII. Victory in the Pacific
A. As the Japanese retreat, the Allies close in on Japan.
B. After heavy fighting, Allied forces are within 500 miles of Japan.
C. To avoid an invasion and save lives, the United States drops atom bombs on two Japanese cities, and Japan surrenders.
Part 5: The Devastation of Europe and Japan
XIV. Europe in Ruins
A. Many European cities lie in ruins and rebuilding takes years.
XV. Postwar governments and politics
A. Economically and politically, Europe experiences disruption.
B. Nazi leaders are tried and found guilty of war crimes.
XVI. The effects of defeat in Japan
A. US forces occupy Japan under the leadership of General Douglas MacArthur.
B. MacArthur begins the process of democratization by drawing up a new constitution.
XVII. US occupation brings deep changes
A. The power of Japan’s emperor as a supreme leader is reduced.
B. A new constitution makes Japan a democratic nation.
World War II Battle Notes
• March 1935- Hitler declares that Germany will not obey Treaty of Versailles
• March 7, 1936- Rhineland
• July 1936- Spanish Civil War led by Franco aided by Italy and Germany
• March 1938- Annexation of Austria
• September 30, 1938- Sudetenland
• March 1939- the rest of Czechoslovakia
• March 1939- Mussolini seizes Albania
• September 1, 1939- Germany invades Poland
Blitzkrieg- Lightning War
• On April 9, 1940 Hitler attacks Denmark (4 hours)
• and Norway (2 months)
• The USSR took Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Finland. (5 months-almost 1 million Soviets died)
Sitzkrieg- Sitting War
• 7 Months after the fall of Poland there were countries at war, but no fighting.
Battle of France and the Miracle of Dunkirk
• French soldiers waiting at Maginot line for Germans… but they attack through the Ardenne forest.
• Belgium surrenders quickly.
• 850 ships from Britain- May 26 to June 4
• 338,000 men saved
• June 10, 1940 Italy declares war on F and B and attacks France from the south
• Vichy France (Petain)- French government in exile (Charles de Gaulle)
Battle of Britain
• Winston Churchill- PM of Britain declares that they will not surrender
• Fought mostly between the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) and the RAF (Royal Air Force)
• Mainly bombing raids and dog fights
• Luftwaffe had 4,500 planes, RAF 2,900 planes
• Bombing went on for 8 months- Air Raids were daily- people hid in subways
• Advantage went to Britain: Radar and Enigma
Battle of North Africa
• Italy’s North African army in Libya pushing east toward Egypt.
• British struck back taking 500 miles and 130,000 Italian prisoners.
• Hitler sent Gen. Rommel “Desert Fox” to attack at Agheila to take back 500 miles. The British regrouped at Tobruk at marched back 500 miles. The the Germans retook the land once again.
• Gen. Montgomery (British) fought back in a fierce battle of El Alamein and pushed the Germans back.
• The Americans led by Gen. Eisenhower landed behind the Germans in Morocco and Algeria.
• Rommel and the Germans were defeated in May 1943
Battle of the Balkans
• With the failure of the Battle of Britain, Hitler turns his attention to the Balkan region.
• In early 1941 the Nazis take over Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary.
• Yugoslavia resisted, they fell in 11 days
• Greece also resisted, they surrendered in 17 days
Battle of Leningrad and Moscow
• Operation Barbarossa
• June 22, 1941 Germans attacked the USSR against their pact.
• Russian retreat burned and destroyed as they retreated.
• Leningrad was surrounded and had a horrible winter- 1 million soviet civilians died but they did not surrender.
• Moscow had reinforced troops to turn back Hitler’s attack. They drove the Germans back. With summer clothing 500,000 Germans died, most to exposure while they dug in.
Battle of Pearl Harbor
• Admiral Yamamoto led the Japanese naval air attack.
• December 7, 1941 – “A date which will live in infamy”- FDR
• Sunk or damaged 18 ships including 8 battleships, 2400 Americans killed, 1000 more wounded.
• Japanese basically destroy the American Pacific Fleet
Battle of Midway
• America avenges Pearl Harbor on June 6, 1942
• American Admiral Nimitz had 20 ships and 2 carriers to defend the Island of Midway and its important air base.
• Admiral Yamamoto had 150 ships and 4 carriers
• Nimitz surprised the superior Japanese force with many planes aboard their carriers- sunk 4 carriers and a support ship and destroyed 332 Japanese airplanes.
• Midway turns the tide for the Americans in the Pacific Theater
Battle of Stalingrad
• August 23, 1942- February 2, 1943
• The city of Stalingrad was heavily bombed under Gen. Friedrich von Paulus
• The Germans destroyed 99% of the city and controlled up to 90% of it before the Soviet counter-attack.
• The Russian winter wrecked havoc on the ill-prepared Germans.
• 260,000 of 330,000 Germans soldiers died
• Over 1 million Soviet soldiers had died
• The Soviets began pushing the Germans back.
Battle of Italy
• July 10, 1943 the Allies invaded Sicily with 180,000 soldiers and took it back by August.
• Mussolini was “fired” by the king. Germany took northern Italy and reinstated Mussolini.
• The allies pushed northward through Italy until they finally re-took Rome on June 4, 1944. Fighting in northern Italy continued until the end of the war.
• April 28, 1945 Mussolini was discovered disguising himself as a German soldier and was shot the next day and his body hung in the town square in Milan.
Battle of Normandy (D-day)
• June 6, 1944. Code named Operation Overlord. The largest amphibious assault in history against Gen. Rommel.
• Gen. Eisenhower landed on 5 beaches. Utah, Omaha (American), Gold, Sword (British), and Juno (Canadian)
• 3,000 Americans died on Omaha beach alone on D-day.
• This push allowed the Allies to begin their campaign toward Paris (August 25, 1944)
Battle of the Bulge
• December 1944 (Christmas day was the bloodiest day of the battle) in the Ardenne forest in Belgium.
• This was the last big counter-attack from the Germans. They broke through the surprised American lines and created a “bulge” in the American/British line of defenses.
• The 101st Airborne was completely cut-off from supplies for awhile but the Allies eventually forced the Germans back toward Berlin.
Battle of Guadalcanal (Solomon Islands)
• Japan was building another huge airbase on the Island of Guadalcanal
• Under the leadership of Gen. MacArthur 19,000 Marines attacked on August 7, 1942 with Australian support.
• By February 1943, after six months of fighting the Japanese abandoned the island.
• 23,000 out of 36,000 Japanese men died on the “Island of Death”
Battle of Iwo Jima
• In March 1945 after a month of fighting and heavy losses the American Marines took the island of Iwo Jima.
• Only 660 miles from Tokyo
• Sight of the famous Marine “Flag Raising” statue
Battle of Okinawa
• April 1, 1945 – June 22, 1945
• 350 miles from Tokyo
• The bloodiest land battle of the war
• The Japanese lost 110,000 soldiers to the American total of 12,500.
• This showed the difficulty the Americans had in conquering the Japanese because of their willingness to fight unto death.
Atom Bombs
• The bombs were necessary to save perhaps a ¼ million American lives and several million Japanese civilian lives. Remember the Japanese did not surrender.
• President Truman ordered the first bomb dropped from the Enola Gay on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. 73,000 Japanese died. No response from the Japanese government.
• August 9, 1945 the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki and killed 37,500 people
• The Japanese surrendered on September 2, 1945 on the Battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay
Important Dates
• September 1, 1939- Invasion of Poland/ Beginning of the War
• December 7, 1941- Pearl Harbor/ US enters the war
• June 6, 1944- D-day / Allies invade occupied France
• May 8, 1945- V-E Day/ Victory in Europe
• September 2, 1945- V-J Day/ Victory in Japan
Total Losses
Country Civilian and Military losses
• U.S. 407,318
• Great Britain 331,906
• France 378,967
• USSR 21,320,000
• Germany 6,419,000
• Japan 2,093,429
• Total (w/o other countries) 30,650,620+
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